The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance:: a meta-analysis
The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance:: a meta-analysis
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01005.x
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发表时间：
2005-04-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Weibull, AC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bengtsson, J;Ahnström, J;Weibull, AC
1. 近年来，保护生物多样性和改善环境的农业补贴方案的效率受到了质疑。有机农业不使用杀虫剂、除草剂和无机肥料，通常采用更多样化的作物轮作。有人认为，该系统增强了农业景观的生物多样性。我们利用2002年12月之前发表的文献进行meta分析，分析了有机农业对物种丰富度和丰度的影响。有机农业通常会增加物种丰富度，其物种丰富度平均比传统农业系统高30%。然而，研究结果各不相同，16%的研究实际上表明有机农业对物种丰富度有负面影响。因此，我们根据研究的空间尺度将数据分为不同的生物类群。在有机耕作系统中，鸟类、昆虫和植物的物种丰富度通常会增加。然而，大多数生物组（范围2-19）的研究数量较少，研究之间存在显著的异质性。在小区尺度上进行的研究中，有机农业的影响最大。在农场尺度的研究中，有机农场和传统农场根据景观结构进行匹配时，效果显著，但异质性很强。平均而言，有机农业系统中的生物数量要多50%，但不同研究和不同生物组之间的结果差异很大。鸟类、掠食性昆虫、土壤生物和植物对有机农业反应积极，而非掠食性昆虫和害虫则没有。有机耕作对丰度的正向影响在样地和田块尺度上都很显著，但在匹配景观的农场上则不明显。合成与应用。我们的研究结果表明，有机农业通常对物种丰富度和丰度有积极影响，但其影响可能因生物类群和景观而异。我们认为，有机耕作对物种丰富度的积极影响可以在集约化管理的农业景观中得到预期，但在由许多其他生物群落和农田组成的小规模景观中则不然。保护和加强生物多样性的措施应该比目前的情况更加针对景观和农场。
1. The efficiency of agricultural subsidy programmes for preserving biodiversity and improving the environment has been questioned in recent years. Organic farming operates without pesticides, herbicides and inorganic fertilizers, and usually with a more diverse crop rotation. It has been suggested that this system enhances biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. We analysed the effects of organic farming on species richness and abundance using meta-analysis of literature published before December 2002.2. Organic farming usually increases species richness, having on average 30% higher species richness than conventional farming systems. However, the results were variable among studies, and 16% of them actually showed a negative effect of organic farming on species richness. We therefore divided the data into different organism groups and according to the spatial scale of the study.3. Birds, insects and plants usually showed an increased species richness in organic farming systems. However, the number of studies was low in most organism groups (range 2-19) and there was significant heterogeneity between studies. The effect of organic farming was largest in studies performed at the plot scale. In studies at the farm scale, when organic and conventional farms were matched according to landscape structure, the effect was significant but highly heterogeneous.4. On average, organisms were 50% more abundant in organic farming systems, but the results were highly variable between studies and organism groups. Birds, predatory insects, soil organisms and plants responded positively to organic farming, while non-predatory insects and pests did not. The positive effects of organic farming on abundance were prominent at the plot and field scales, but not for farms in matched landscapes.5. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that organic farming often has positive effects on species richness and abundance, but that its effects are likely to differ between organism groups and landscapes. We suggest that positive effects of organic farming on species richness can be expected in intensively managed agricultural landscapes, but not in small-scale landscapes comprising many other biotopes as well as agricultural fields. Measures to preserve and enhance biodiversity should be more landscape- and farm-specific than is presently the case.