Frontal lobe and cognitive development
Frontal lobe and cognitive development
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1024190429920
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发表时间：
2002-03-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Fuster, JM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fuster, JM
与个体发育一样，额叶的联合皮层也被称为前额叶皮层，是新皮层中发育较晚的区域。它也是在进化和个体成熟过程中经历最大扩张的皮层区域之一。在成年人中，前额叶皮层几乎占新皮层总量的三分之一。前额叶皮层的发育时间较长，相对较大，这在大体形态和精细结构上都很明显。在发育中的个体中，其轴突连接的后期髓鞘化最明显。前额叶皮层形态发育的这一指标和其他指标与认知功能的发展相关，动物和人类的神经心理学研究将认知功能归因于前额叶皮层。概括地说，前额叶皮层的腹内侧区域相对于其他前额叶区域发展得相对较早，涉及情绪和本能行为的表达和控制。另一方面，外侧前额叶凸面的晚熟区域主要参与高级执行功能。外侧前额叶皮层最普遍的执行功能是在行为、认知和语言领域中对目标导向行动的时间组织。在所有这三个领域中，外侧前额叶皮层在时间整合中的基本作用支持了这种整体功能，也就是说，将时间上不连续的感知和神经输入整合成连贯的行动结构。时间整合反过来又由至少三种不同的前额叶地形的认知功能提供服务：工作记忆，预备集和抑制控制。这些功能使前额叶皮层与其他新皮层区域互动合作。语言的发展集中体现了时间整合认知功能及其底层神经基质的发展，特别是外侧前额叶皮层和其他发育较晚的皮层区域。
In phylogeny as in ontogeny, the association cortex of the frontal lobe, also known as the prefrontal cortex, is a late-developing region of the neocortex. It is also one of the cortical regions to undergo the greatest expansion in the course of both evolution and individual maturation. In the human adult, the prefrontal cortex constitutes as much as nearly one-third of the totality of the neocortex. The protracted, relatively large, development of the prefrontal cortex is manifest in gross morphology as well as fine structure. In the developing individual, its late maturation is made most apparent by the late myclination of its axonal connections. This and other indices of morphological development of the prefrontal cortex correlate with the development of cognitive functions that neuropsychological studies in animals and humans have ascribed to this cortex. In broad outline, the ventromedial areas of the prefrontal cortex, which with respect to other prefrontal areas develop relatively early, are involved in the expression and control of emotional and instinctual behaviors. On the other hand, the late maturing areas of the lateral prefrontal convexity are principally involved in higher executive functions. The most general executive function of the lateral prefrontal cortex is the temporal organization of goal-directed actions in the domains of behavior, cognition, and language. In all three domains, that global function is supported by a fundamental role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in temporal integration, that is, the integration of temporally discontinuous percepts and neural inputs into coherent structures of action. Temporal integration is in turn served by at least three cognitive functions of somewhat different prefrontal topography: working memory, preparatory set, and inhibitory control. These functions engage the prefrontal cortex in interactive cooperation with other neocortical regions. The development of language epitomizes the development of temporal integrative cognitive functions and their underlying neural substrate, notably the lateral prefrontal cortex and other late-developing cortical regions.