Antimicrobial Peptides: Features, Action, and Their Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria
Antimicrobial Peptides: Features, Action, and Their Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria
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DOI：
10.1089/mdr.2017.0392
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发表时间：
2018-06-29
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Mirnejad, Reza
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Moravej, Hoda;Moravej, Zahra;Mirnejad, Reza
近年来，由于对常规抗菌素的耐药性增加，许多研究人员开始研究合成新的抗菌素以控制感染性病原体的致病作用。抗菌肽是最新的抗生素之一；这些肽是各种生物体中不可或缺的化合物，在微生物生态学中起着重要作用，通过破坏入侵的微生物，对生物体的先天免疫起着重要作用。此外，amp可能会促进细胞产生趋化因子，刺激血管生成，加速伤口愈合，并影响多细胞生物的程序性细胞死亡。细菌在对抗菌肽的抗菌作用作出反应时，对这些肽的固有敏感性和耐药机制不同。一般来说，AMP耐药机制的发展是由细菌物种之间的直接竞争以及宿主与病原体的相互作用驱动的。几项研究表明，细菌对抗菌肽的耐药机制多种多样，例如，一些细菌产生蛋白酶并捕获蛋白质；有些修饰细胞表面电荷，改变膜流动性，激活外排泵；一些物种利用生物膜和外聚合物，通过选择性基因表达发展出传感系统。对细菌耐药机制的更深入了解可能有助于开发新的治疗方法，以治疗由致病生物引起的感染，这些感染成功地对抗菌肽产生了广泛的耐药性。在此基础上，本文综述了抗菌肽的性质、靶向机制以及细菌对抗菌肽的耐药机制。
In recent years, because of increased resistance to conventional antimicrobials, many researchers have started to study the synthesis of new antibiotics to control the disease-causing effects of infectious pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are among the newest antibiotics; these peptides are integral compounds in all kinds of organisms and play a significant role in microbial ecology, and critically contribute to the innate immunity of organisms by destroying invading microorganisms. Moreover, AMPs may encourage cells to produce chemokines, stimulate angiogenesis, accelerate wound healing, and influence programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. Bacteria differ in their inherent susceptibility and resistance mechanisms to these peptides when responding to the antimicrobial effects of AMPs. Generally, the development of AMP resistance mechanisms is driven by direct competition between bacterial species, and host and pathogen interactions. Several studies have shown diverse mechanisms of bacterial resistance to AMPs, for example, some bacteria produce proteases and trapping proteins; some modify cell surface charge, change membrane fluidity, and activate efflux pumps; and some species make use of biofilms and exopolymers, and develop sensing systems by selective gene expression. A closer understanding of bacterial resistance mechanisms may help in developing novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of infections caused by pathogenic organisms that are successful in developing extensive resistance to AMPs. Based on these observations, this review discusses the properties of AMPs, their targeting mechanisms, and bacterial resistance mechanisms against AMPs.