Ginsenosides: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Analysis, and Potential Health Effects
Ginsenosides: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Analysis, and Potential Health Effects
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DOI：
10.1016/s1043-4526(08)00401-4
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发表时间：
2009-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Christensen, Lars P.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Christensen, Lars P.
人参皂苷是一类特殊的三萜皂苷，按其苷元骨架可分为丹马烷型和齐墩果型两大类。人参皂苷几乎只存在于人参属植物中，到目前为止，已从人参的根、叶/茎、果实和/或花冠中分离出150多个天然人参皂苷。人参皂苷一直是许多研究的目标，因为它们被认为是人参功效声称背后的主要活性成分。本章讨论的人参皂苷的潜在健康作用包括抗癌、免疫调节、抗炎、抗过敏、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗高血压和抗糖尿病作用，以及抗应激活性和对中枢神经系统的影响。人参皂苷可在胃(酸解)和胃肠道(细菌水解)中代谢，或通过干燥和蒸制人参皂苷转化为其他人参皂苷，从而获得更具生物利用率和生物活性的人参皂苷。讨论了完整人参皂苷的代谢和转化，这似乎对其潜在的健康影响起着重要作用。人参皂苷的定性和定量分析技术对于人参产品和植物材料的质量控制、植物材料加工效果的确定以及人参皂苷的新陈代谢和生物利用度的测定都是重要的。本章中介绍的分析人参皂苷的分析技术有薄层色谱(TLC)、结合各种检测器的高效液相色谱(HPLC)、气相色谱(GC)、比色法、酶免疫分析(EIA)、毛细管电泳法(CE)、核磁共振(NMR)光谱和分光光度法。
Ginsenosides are a special group of triterpenoid saponins that can be classified into two groups by the skeleton of their aglycones, namely dammarane- and oleanane-type. Ginsenosides are found nearly exclusively in Panax species (ginseng) and up to now more than 150 naturally occurring ginsenosides have been isolated from roots, leaves/stems, fruits, and/or flower heads of ginseng. Ginsenosides have been the target of a lot of research as they are believed to be the main active principles behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. The potential health effects of ginsenosides that are discussed in this chapter include anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic effects as well as antistress activity and effects on the central nervous system. Ginsensoides can be metabolized in the stomach (acid hydrolysis) and in the gastrointestinal tract (bacterial hydrolysis) or transformed to other ginsenosides by drying and steaming of ginseng to more bioavailable and bioactive ginsenosides. The metabolization and transformation of intact ginsenosides, which seems to play an important role for their potential health effects, are discussed. Qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides are important in relation to quality control of ginseng products and plant material and for the determination of the effects of processing of plant material as well as for the determination of the metabolism and bioavailability of ginsenosides. Analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides that are described in this chapter are thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with various detectors, gas chromatography (GC), colorimetry, enzyme immunoassays (EIA), capillary electrophoresis (CE), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and spectrophotometric methods.