On the form and universality of the contempt expression: A challenge to Ekman and Friesen's claim of discovery
On the form and universality of the contempt expression: A challenge to Ekman and Friesen's claim of discovery
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论蔑视表达的形式和普遍性：对埃克曼和弗里森的发现主张的挑战
DOI：
10.1007/bf00992469
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发表时间：
1988
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
O. Maurice Haynes
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carroll E. Izard;O. Maurice Haynes
Ekman和弗里森（1986，“A New Pan-Cultural Facial Expression of Emotion，“Motivation and Emotion，10，159-168）声称，他们已经找到了第一个经验证据，支持蔑视的泛文化表达的存在，这一说法受到了三个方面的质疑。首先，声称没有其他人试图描述任何文化中特有的蔑视表情，忽视了可以追溯到达尔文的研究传统。第二，埃克曼和弗里森提出的数据是使用对他们预期表达的模糊表示的刺激来得出的。最后，有早期的数据表明轻蔑表情的普遍性。埃克曼和弗里森的轻蔑表情最好被看作是一种从低人一级的咆哮演变而来的典型表情的习得性修改。
The claim of Ekman and Friesen (1986, “A New Pan- Cultural Facial Expression of Emotion,”Motivation and Emotion, 10, 159–168) that they have found the first empirical support for the existence of a pancultural expression of contempt is challenged on three grounds. First, the claim that no one else had ever attempted to describe an expression unique to contempt in any culture neglects a tradition of research dating back to Darwin. Second, the data presented by Ekman and Friesen were derived using stimuli that are ambiguous representations of their intended expressions. Finally, there are earlier data for the universality of contempt expressions. Ekman and Friesen's contempt expression may best be viewed as a learned modification of a prototypical expression evolved from the infrahuman snarl.