k-mer analysis shows hybrid hummingbirds perform variable, transgressive courtship sequences
k-mer analysis shows hybrid hummingbirds perform variable, transgressive courtship sequences
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DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.01.018
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发表时间：
2022-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Clark，Christopher J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Myers，Brian M.;Rankin，David T.;Clark，Christopher J.
行为很难描述。在这里，我们applyk-mer分析复杂的求偶行为的特点在四个层次：元素，显示器，回合和剧目，两种蜂鸟和它们的杂交种。在求偶过程中，雄性红棕蜂鸟，Selasphorus rufus，进行三种类型的展示：穿梭（S），半摆（H）和红棕俯冲（R），而艾伦的蜂鸟，Selasphorus sasin，进行四种展示：S，H，艾伦的俯冲（A）和摆（P）。在这里，我们探讨的行为序列所表达的杂交种，从35个艾伦的蜂鸟和46个棕褐色蜂鸟采样远离他们的混合区的显示器的样本，对306个野生雄性鸟类在俄勒冈州和加州州，美国的混合区之间的艾伦的蜂鸟，杂交种和棕褐色蜂鸟，几乎没有变化的运动元素，包括显示器。相比之下，显示本身，显示序列和剧目之间的差异很大，这三个群体。一些杂交品种进行海侵显示变种，其中典型显示的运动学元素丢失或重复。这种超亲分离意味着显示寡基因控制。我们使用k-mer分析来分析展示序列，其中我们将展示序列分组为3-mer（三个的序列）。艾伦蜂鸟的典型3聚体包括序列PPP、PPA和SHP，而棕褐色蜂鸟的典型3聚体包括SHR和RRR。某些杂种的最明确的特征是它们的序列变异性：一些杂种的展示库包括两个亲本物种的库（例如，进行PPA和RRR两者）以及在任一亲本中从未观察到的3聚体序列，例如PRA。杂种表型的这种高个体内变异性与杂种中模块形态性状（如花、羽毛或毛发）的表达方式不同。这种个体内的变异性可能是行为所独有的。
Behaviours are challenging to describe. Here, we applyk-mer analysis to characterize complex courtship behaviours at four hierarchical levels: elements, displays, bouts and repertoires, on two species of hummingbirds and their hybrids. During courtship, male rufous hummingbirds,Selasphorus rufus, perform three types of displays: shuttles (S), half pendulums (H) and rufous dives (R), while Allen's hummingbirds,Selasphorus sasin, perform four displays: S, H, Allen's dives (A) and the pendulum (P). Here we explore the behavioural sequences expressed by their hybrids, on a sample of displays from 35 Allen's hummingbirds and 46 rufous hummingbirds sampled far from their hybrid zone, compared against 306 wild male birds from a hybrid zone in Oregon and California, U.S.A. Among Allen's hummingbirds, hybrids and rufous hummingbirds, there was almost no variation in the kinematic elements that comprised displays. By contrast, the displays themselves, display sequences and repertoires varied substantially among these three groups. Some hybrids performed transgressive display variants in which kinematic elements of typical displays were missing or duplicated. This transgressive segregation implies the displays are under oligogenic control. We analysed display sequences usingk-mer analysis, in which we binned display sequences into 3-mers (sequences of three). Typical 3-mers for Allen's hummingbirds included sequences PPP, PPA and SHP while typical 3-mers for rufous hummingbirds included SHR and RRR. The most defining characteristic of certain hybrids was their sequence variability: the display repertoire of some hybrids encompassed the repertoire of both parent species (e.g. performed both PPA and RRR) as well as 3-mer sequences never observed in either parent such as PRA. Such high within-individual variability in hybrid phenotype differs from how modular morphological traits (such as flowers, feathers or hair) are expressed in hybrids. This within-individual variability may be unique to behaviour.