Effects of chemical contaminants an genetic diversity in natural populations: implications for biomonitoring and ecotoxicology
Effects of chemical contaminants an genetic diversity in natural populations: implications for biomonitoring and ecotoxicology
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DOI：
10.1016/s1383-5742(00)00004-1
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发表时间：
2000-07-01
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Athwal, R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bickham, JW;Sandhu, S;Athwal, R
遗传多样性的保护已成为保护生物学的核心问题之一。尽管进化生物学、种群管理和保护生物学领域的研究人员经常研究自然种群的遗传变异性，但只有少数研究探讨了化学污染对种群遗传学的影响。化学污染会因体细胞和遗传突变以及非遗传毒性模式的影响而导致种群数量减少。小种群中的随机过程、突变负荷的增加以及突变熔毁现象是导致适应度降低并加速种群灭绝过程的复合因素。尽管化学污染物造成的最初损害是在分子水平上，但在种群水平上会产生一些紧急影响，例如遗传多样性的丧失，而仅根据化学污染物毒性机制的知识是无法预测这些影响的。因此，进化毒理学的研究，包括环境污染物的群体遗传效应，应该成为生态毒理学的一个重要焦点。本文回顾了围绕污染遗传效应的问题，总结了可用于解决这些问题的技术方法，并提供了解决其中一些问题的研究示例。 (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. 保留所有权利。
The conservation of genetic diversity has emerged as one of the central issues in conservation biology. Although researchers in the areas of evolutionary biology, population management, and conservation biology routinely investigate genetic variability in natural populations, only a handful of studies have addressed the effects of chemical contamination on population genetics. Chemical contamination can cause population reduction by the effects of somatic and heritable mutations, as well as non-genetic modes of toxicity. Stochastic processes in small populations, increased mutation load, and the phenomenon of mutational meltdown are compounding factors that cause reduced fitness and accelerate the process of population extirpation. Although the original damage caused by chemical contaminants is at the molecular level, there are emergent effects at the level of populations, such as the loss of genetic diversity, that are not predictable based solely on knowledge of the mechanism of toxicity of the chemical contaminants. Therefore, the study of evolutionary toxicology, which encompasses the population-genetic effects of environmental contaminants, should be an important focus of ecotoxicology. This paper reviews the issues surrounding the genetic effects of pollution, summarizes the technical approaches that can be used to address these issues, and provides examples of studies that have addressed some of them. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.