The impact of childhood maltreatment: a review of neurobiological and genetic factors.
The impact of childhood maltreatment: a review of neurobiological and genetic factors.
复制标题
DOI：
10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00048
复制
发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Viding E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McCrory E;De Brito SA;Viding E
儿童期虐待是精神病理学的一个重要风险因素。最近的研究已经开始研究包括虐待在内的不良护理经历的功能和结构神经生物学相关性，以及这些可能如何影响儿童的心理和情感发展。这种经历和精神病风险之间的关系已经被证明是随着遗传因素的不同而不同的。在这篇综述中，我们首先简要概述神经内分泌的发现，这些发现表明虐待与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴应激反应的非典型发展之间存在关联，这可能容易导致成年后的精神脆弱。然后，我们有选择地回顾磁共振成像(MRI)研究，这些研究调查了经历过童年虐待的儿童和成年人可能存在的大脑结构和功能差异。现在，结构核磁共振发现的胼胝体差异在经历过虐待的儿童中得到了可靠的报道，而海马体的差异也在童年有虐待史的成年人中得到了可靠的报道。此外，有来自功能磁共振研究的初步证据表明，成年人曾经历过童年时期杏仁核过度活动和额叶区域异常激活的虐待。这些功能差异可以在事件相关电位和身体虐待儿童的行为研究中观察到的信息偏差的背景下部分理解。最后，我们考虑已经表明环境逆境的影响可能受基因和环境相互作用的影响的研究，回顾了指出基因与环境相互作用的相关研究。我们通过探索与神经生物学和遗传学研究相关的不断增长的证据基础可能在多大程度上与临床实践和干预相关来得出结论。
Childhood maltreatment represents a significant risk factor for psychopathology. Recent research has begun to examine both the functional and structural neurobiological correlates of adverse care-giving experiences, including maltreatment, and how these might impact on a child’s psychological and emotional development. The relationship between such experiences and risk for psychopathology has been shown to vary as a function of genetic factors. In this review we begin by providing a brief overview of neuroendocrine findings, which indicate an association between maltreatment and atypical development of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis stress response, which may predispose to psychiatric vulnerability in adulthood. We then selectively review the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies that have investigated possible structural and functional brain differences in children and adults who have experienced childhood maltreatment. Differences in the corpus callosum identified by structural MRI have now been reliably reported in children who have experienced abuse, while differences in the hippocampus have been reported in adults with childhood histories of maltreatment. In addition, there is preliminary evidence from functional MRI studies of adults who have experienced childhood maltreatment of amygdala hyperactivity and atypical activation of frontal regions. These functional differences can be partly understood in the context of the information biases observed in event-related potential and behavioral studies of physically abused children. Finally we consider research that has indicated that the effect of environmental adversity may be moderated by genotype, reviewing pertinent studies pointing to gene by environment interactions. We conclude by exploring the extent to which the growing evidence base in relation to neurobiological and genetic research may be relevant to clinical practice and intervention.