Role of the amygdala in decision-making
Role of the amygdala in decision-making
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07094.x
复制
发表时间：
2003-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Damasio, AR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bechara, A;Damasio, H;Damasio, AR
躯体标记假说认为，杏仁核和眶前皮质都是对判断和决策至关重要的神经回路的一部分。虽然这两种结构都将有关躯体/情绪状态的外部感觉信息和内部感觉信息结合在一起，但它们在不同的水平上这样做，因此在这一过程中做出了不同的贡献。我们将“主要诱因”定义为无条件地或通过学习(例如，条件反射和语义知识)可以(感知或潜意识地)产生愉悦或厌恶状态的刺激。遇到恐惧对象(例如，蛇)、蛇的刺激预测、或诸如赢或输一大笔钱的语义信息都是主要诱因的例子。“次要诱因”是通过回忆个人或假设的情绪事件或感知主要诱因而产生的实体，该主要诱因产生关于诱因的“想法”和“记忆”，当它们被唤起记忆时，所有这些都引发了一种躯体状态。遇到蛇的情景记忆，失去一大笔钱，想象一大笔钱的收益，或者听到或看着主要诱因使人想起与情感事件有关的“想法”，这些都是次要诱因的例子。我们提出的证据支持这一假设，即杏仁核是神经系统中从初级诱导剂触发躯体状态所必需的关键底物。腹内侧皮质是神经系统从次级诱导物触发躯体状态所必需的关键底物。杏仁核系统是先天的，是眼眶前额系统从次级诱导器触发躯体状态的正常发育的必要步骤。然而，一旦这个眼眶额叶系统被开发出来，次级诱导器通过眼眶额叶系统对躯体状态的诱导对杏仁核系统的依赖就更少了。也许杏仁核在情绪方面等同于海马体，即获取新的情绪属性(顺行情绪)所必需的，但不是提取旧情绪属性(逆行情绪)所必需的。鉴于大量的损伤和功能神经成像研究表明杏仁核参与了复杂的认知和行为功能，包括“社会认知”，我们认为这种参与是杏仁核介导的更基本功能的一种表现，即将刺激/实体与其情绪属性相结合，即处理来自主要诱导物的躯体状态。
The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that both the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex are parts of a neural circuit critical for judgment and decision-making. Although both structures couple exteroceptive sensory information with interoceptive information concerning somatic/emotional states, they do so at different levels, thus making different contributions to the process. We define "primary inducers" as stimuli that unconditionally, or through learning (e.g., conditioning and semantic knowledge), can (perceptually or subliminally) produce states that are pleasurable or aversive. Encountering a fear object (e.g., a snake), a stimulus predictive of a snake, or semantic information such as winning or losing a large sum of money are all examples of primary inducers. "Secondary inducers" are entities generated by the recall of a personal or hypothetical emotional event or perceiving a primary inducer that generates "thoughts" and "memories" about the inducer, all of which, when they are brought to memory, elicit a somatic state. The episodic memory of encountering a snake, losing a large sum of money, imagining the gain of a large sum of money, or hearing or looking at primary inducers that bring to memory "thoughts" pertaining to an emotional event are all examples of secondary inducers. We present evidence in support of the hypothesis that the amygdala is a critical substrate in the neural system necessary for triggering somatic states from primary inducers. The ventromedial cortex is a critical substrate in the neural system necessary for the triggering of somatic states from secondary inducers. The amygdala system is a priori a necessary step for the normal development of the orbitofrontal system for triggering somatic states from secondary inducers. However, once this orbitofrontal system is developed, the induction of somatic states by secondary inducers via the orbitofrontal system is less dependent on the amygdala system. Perhaps the amygdala is equivalent to the hippocampus with regard to emotions, that is, necessary for acquiring new emotional attributes (anterograde emotions), but not for retrieving old emotional attributes (retrograde emotions). Given the numerous lesion and functional neuroimaging studies illustrating the involvement of the amygdala in complex cognitive and behavioral functions, including "social cognition," we suggest that this involvement is a manifestation of a more fundamental function mediated by the amygdala, which is to couple stimuli/entities with their emotional attributes, that is, the processing of somatic states from primary inducers.