The scent of wolves: pyrazine analogs induce avoidance and vigilance behaviors in prey.
The scent of wolves: pyrazine analogs induce avoidance and vigilance behaviors in prey.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnins.2015.00363
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Kashiwayanagi M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Osada K;Miyazono S;Kashiwayanagi M
普通灰狼(Canis Lpus)是北半球食物链的顶端捕食者。它捕食啮齿动物、兔子、有蹄类动物和许多其他种类的哺乳动物。然而，狼尿对猎物产生恐惧影响的行为证据和化学基础尚不清楚。最近，2，6-二甲基吡嗪、2，3，5-三甲基吡嗪和3-乙基-2，5-二甲基吡嗪的类似物在狼的尿液中被鉴定为凯诺酮。当小鼠面对一种精制的吡嗪类似物时，警觉行为显著增加，包括副嗅球神经元的冻结和兴奋。此外，吡嗪鸡尾酒的气味有效地抑制了鹿接近觅食区域的行为，对于那些靠近觅食区域的鹿，会引发与恐惧相关的行为，如“尾旗”、“飞行”和“跳跃”动作。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了通过从狼尿中鉴定出的新的凯龙酮将化学信息从狼传递给猎物，并比较了狼凯洛酮与其他捕食者产生的影响啮齿动物的凯洛酮的特征。
The common gray wolf (Canis lupus) is an apex predator located at the top of the food chain in the Northern Hemisphere. It preys on rodents, rabbits, ungulates, and many other kinds of mammal. However, the behavioral evidence for, and the chemical basis of, the fear-inducing impact of wolf urine on prey are unclear. Recently, the pyrazine analogs 2, 6-dimethylpyrazine, 2, 3, 5-trimethylpyrazine and 3-ethyl-2, 5-dimethyl pyrazine were identified as kairomones in the urine of wolves. When mice were confronted with a mixture of purified pyrazine analogs, vigilance behaviors, including freezing and excitation of neurons at the accessory olfactory bulb, were markedly increased. Additionally, the odor of the pyrazine cocktail effectively suppressed the approach of deer to a feeding area, and for those close to the feeding area elicited fear-related behaviors such as the “tail-flag,” “flight,” and “jump” actions. In this review, we discuss the transfer of chemical information from wolf to prey through the novel kairomones identified in wolf urine and also compare the characteristics of wolf kairomones with other predator-produced kairomones that affect rodents.