Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion
Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion
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被动和自信的世俗主义：历史条件、意识形态斗争和国家宗教政策
DOI：
10.1353/wp.2008.0005
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Ahmet T. Kuru
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ahmet T. Kuru
为什么世俗国家对宗教采取截然不同的政策？美国、法国和土耳其都是世俗国家，没有任何官方宗教，拥有不受宗教控制的法律的体系。法国和土耳其禁止学生在公立学校戴头巾，而美国允许学生穿着宗教标志和服装。本文运用过程追踪的方法，认为国家宗教政策是意识形态斗争的结果。在法国和土耳其，占主导地位的意识形态是“坚定的世俗主义”，其目的是将宗教排除在公共领域之外，而在美国，这是“消极的世俗主义”，容忍宗教在公众中的可见性。在特定的情况下，无论是积极的还是消极的世俗主义成为主导，都是世俗国家建设时期特定历史条件的结果，特别是基于君主制和霸权宗教婚姻的旧制度的存在与否。
Why do secular states pursue substantially different policies toward religion? The United States, France, and Turkey are secular states that lack any official religion and have legal systems free from religious control. The French and Turkish states have banned students' headscarves in public schools, whereas the U.S. has allowed students to wear religious symbols and attire. Using the method of process tracing, the author argues that state policies toward religion are the result of ideological struggles. In France and Turkey the dominant ideology is "assertive secularism," which aims to exclude religion from the public sphere, while in the U.S., it is "passive secularism," which tolerates public visibility of religion. Whether assertive or passive secularism became dominant in a particular case was the result of the particular historical conditions during the secular state-building period, especially the presence or absence of an ancien régime based on a marriage of monarchy and hegemonic religion.