Key Questions on the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics
Key Questions on the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics
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DOI：
10.1093/jhered/esv060
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Hendry, Andrew P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hendry, Andrew P.
长期以来，生态学和进化一直被认为是相互影响的，最近的研究强调了这种相互作用如何在很短的（当代）时间尺度上发生。鉴于这些相互作用是由生物表型介导的，它们可以通过遗传变异、表型可塑性或两者来形成。我在这里解决8个关键问题相关的可塑性在生态进化动力学的作用。集中在经验证据，特别是从自然种群，我提供了以下结论。1)可塑性有时是适应性的，有时是适应不良的，有时是中性的。2)可塑性有成本和限制，但这些限制是高度可变的，往往很弱，很难检测。3)可变的环境有利于性状可塑性的进化，这可以缓冲适应性/表现（即。例如，公差）。4)可塑性有时有助于新环境的殖民（鲍德温效应）和对原位环境变化的反应。然而，在这些情况下，塑料反应并不总是必要或足够的。5)可塑性有时会促进，有时会限制遗传进化。6)可塑性有时会帮助，有时会阻碍生态物种形成，但目前，经验测试是有限的。7)可塑性可以显示相当大的进化变化，在当代的时间，虽然这种反应规范的演变率是高度可变的类群和性状。8)可塑性似乎有相当大的影响，在社区和生态系统的水平上的生态动态，虽然需要更多的研究。总之，可塑性需要成为生态进化动力学的任何概念框架和实证研究的一个组成部分。
Ecology and evolution have long been recognized as reciprocally influencing each other, with recent research emphasizing how such interactions can occur even on very short (contemporary) time scales. Given that these interactions are mediated by organismal phenotypes, they can be variously shaped by genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, or both. I here address 8 key questions relevant to the role of plasticity in eco-evolutionary dynamics. Focusing on empirical evidence, especially from natural populations, I offer the following conclusions. 1) Plasticity is-not surprisingly-sometimes adaptive, sometimes maladaptive, and sometimes neutral. 2) Plasticity has costs and limits but these constraints are highly variable, often weak, and hard to detect. 3) Variable environments favor the evolution of increased trait plasticity, which can then buffer fitness/performance (i. e., tolerance). 4) Plasticity sometimes aids colonization of new environments (Baldwin Effect) and responses to in situ environmental change. However, plastic responses are not always necessary or sufficient in these contexts. 5) Plasticity will sometimes promote and sometimes constrain genetic evolution. 6) Plasticity will sometimes help and sometimes hinder ecological speciation but, at present, empirical tests are limited. 7) Plasticity can show considerable evolutionary change in contemporary time, although the rates of this reaction norm evolution are highly variable among taxa and traits. 8) Plasticity appears to have considerable influences on ecological dynamics at the community and ecosystem levels, although many more studies are needed. In summary, plasticity needs to be an integral part of any conceptual framework and empirical investigation of eco-evolutionary dynamics.