Understanding and Applying Situational Crime Prevention Strategies
Understanding and Applying Situational Crime Prevention Strategies
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了解和应用情境犯罪预防策略
DOI：
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发表时间：
2010
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通讯作者：
Daniel R. Lee
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作者：
Daniel R. Lee
根据美国联邦调查局（FBI）的犯罪调查，2008年美国执法机构收到的犯罪报告超过1 100万起（FBI，2009年）。在暴力犯罪和财产犯罪的广泛类别中，犯罪可能有一些共同点，犯罪学理论表明，罪犯和犯罪是可预测的。认识到潜在的罪犯，犯罪机会和犯罪事件是由高度具体的背景特征，使理解，解决和预防所有犯罪是一个艰巨的挑战。当犯罪学理论有刑事司法政策的影响和刑事司法政策是从犯罪学理论派生，犯罪似乎是可以预防的（谢尔曼，法林顿，威尔士，和麦肯齐，2006年）。虽然犯罪学理论和刑事司法政策的交叉并不频繁，但这是可能的（见Barlow和德克尔，2009年），并应作为制定有效预防犯罪战略的一项战略而受到青睐。情境犯罪预防策略证明了理论上设计的预防策略是管理犯罪多样性的切实有效的方法。Clarke（1983）提出SCP策略的特点是针对特定的犯罪，包括对环境的操纵，并专注于减少犯罪的机会和回报。在介绍这一预防犯罪模式时，Clarke（1983年）回顾了联合王国内政部进行的几项研究，其中包括实证证据，证明犯罪事件和受害经历与特定的背景因素有关（例如，脆弱性、物理设计和可监控性）。同样重要的是，犯罪的情景背景是基于这样一种理解，即刑事犯罪的动机并不总是
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) Crime in the United States, more than 11 million crimes were reported to law enforcement agencies within the United States in 2008 (FBI, 2009). Across broad categories of violent and property offenses, crimes are likely to share some commonalities, and criminological theories suggest that offenders and offenses are predictable. The recognition that potential offenders, crime opportunities, and criminal incidents are composed of highly specific contextual characteristics makes understanding, solving, and preventing all crimes a difficult challenge. When criminological theories have criminal justice policy implications and criminal justice policies are derived from criminological theories, crimes seem to be preventable (Sherman, Farrington, Welsh, & MacKenzie, 2006). Although the intersection of criminological theory and criminal justice policy is not frequent, it is possible (see Barlow & Decker, 2009) and should be favored as a strategy for developing effective crime prevention strategies. Situational crime prevention (SCP) strategies are evidence that theoretically designed prevention strategies are practical and efficient ways to manage the diversity of criminal offending. Clarke (1983) proposed that SCP strategies are characterized as being directed at specific crimes, including manipulations of the environment, and are focused on reducing the opportunities and rewards for crime. In his presentation of this model for crime prevention, Clarke (1983) reviewed several studies conducted by the United Kingdom’s Home Office that included empirical evidence that criminal events and victimization experiences were related to specific contextual elements (e.g., vulnerability, physical design, and surveillability). Equally as important, the situational context for crime was grounded in an understanding that the motivation for criminal offending is not always