A review of the remote sensing of lower tropospheric thermodynamic profiles and its indispensable role for the understanding and the simulation of water and energy cycles
A review of the remote sensing of lower tropospheric thermodynamic profiles and its indispensable role for the understanding and the simulation of water and energy cycles
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DOI：
10.1002/2014rg000476
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发表时间：
2015-09
影响因子：
25.2
通讯作者：
V. Wulfmeyer;R. Hardesty;D. Turner;A. Behrendt;M. Cadeddu;P. Di Girolamo;P. Schlüssel;J. van Baelen-J.-van-Ba
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
V. Wulfmeyer;R. Hardesty;D. Turner;A. Behrendt;M. Cadeddu;P. Di Girolamo;P. Schlüssel;J. van Baelen-J.-van-Ba
本文综述了对流层低层热动力（TD）廓线遥感技术的研究进展，重点介绍了高精度和高时间-垂直分辨率的TD廓线遥感技术。这些仪器的贡献，以了解地球系统的辐射传输，陆面-大气反馈，对流的启动和数据同化方面进行评估。我们证明，在天气和气候研究的进展，TD廓线仪是必不可少的。这些观测系统必须分辨接近地面的稳定或不稳定大气表层、混合层、界面层（通常以逆温为特征）和对流层下部的湿度和温度梯度。对目前的观测系统进行了彻底的分析，揭示了为满足现有需求而必须解决的重大差距。我们分析当前和未来的被动和主动遥感系统是否可以缩小这些差距。对被动和主动遥感（包括被动红外和微波光谱、全球导航卫星系统以及水汽和温度拉曼激光雷达和水汽差分吸收激光雷达）的测量能力在偏差和精度方面进行了方法分析和论证。虽然被动遥感系统在实际应用方面已经成熟，但主动遥感系统需要进一步的工程设计才能在网络中投入使用。然而，主动遥感系统提供了更小的偏差以及更高的时间和垂直分辨率。为了进行适当的中尺度网络设计，应加强TD廓线仪系统的开发，并应进行专门的观测系统模拟实验。
A review of remote sensing technology for lower tropospheric thermodynamic (TD) profiling is presented with focus on high accuracy and high temporal‐vertical resolution. The contributions of these instruments to the understanding of the Earth system are assessed with respect to radiative transfer, land surface‐atmosphere feedback, convection initiation, and data assimilation. We demonstrate that for progress in weather and climate research, TD profilers are essential. These observational systems must resolve gradients of humidity and temperature in the stable or unstable atmospheric surface layer close to the ground, in the mixed layer, in the interfacial layer—usually characterized by an inversion—and the lower troposphere. A thorough analysis of the current observing systems is performed revealing significant gaps that must be addressed to fulfill existing needs. We analyze whether current and future passive and active remote sensing systems can close these gaps. A methodological analysis and demonstration of measurement capabilities with respect to bias and precision is executed both for passive and active remote sensing including passive infrared and microwave spectroscopy, the global navigation satellite system, as well as water vapor and temperature Raman lidar and water vapor differential absorption lidar. Whereas passive remote sensing systems are already mature with respect to operational applications, active remote sensing systems require further engineering to become operational in networks. However, active remote sensing systems provide a smaller bias as well as higher temporal and vertical resolutions. For a suitable mesoscale network design, TD profiler system developments should be intensified and dedicated observing system simulation experiments should be performed.