Toward a Social-Ecological Theory of Forest Macrosystems for Improved Ecosystem Management
Toward a Social-Ecological Theory of Forest Macrosystems for Improved Ecosystem Management
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DOI：
10.3390/f9040200
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发表时间：
2018-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Wood, David J. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kleindl, William J.;Stoy, Paul C.;Wood, David J. A.
累积的土地使用决策和气候变化对森林的影响，要求我们将我们对生态系统，市场，政策和资源管理的理解融入社会生态系统。人类在宏观系统动力学中发挥着核心作用，这使得没有明确包括人类相互作用的生态理论变得复杂。这些动态也影响生态服务和相关市场，这对经济理论提出了挑战。在这里，我们使用两个森林宏观管理的举措，以发展一个理论上的理解，管理如何与生态功能和服务在这些尺度上相互作用，以及如何多个大规模的管理目标的工作与其他森林功能和服务，无论是在配偶或冲突。我们认为，呼吁理论发展的有机体生态学，生态系统生态学和生态经济学增加了我们的社会生态宏观系统的理解。为了取得进展，我们提出了未来的研究问题，以增加严谨的宏观系统尺度的研究：（1）什么是生态系统的功能，在宏观尺度上运作，其必要的结构组成部分，以及我们如何观察他们？(2)如果在另一个尺度上改变，一个尺度上的系统会如何反应？(3)我们如何既有效地衡量这些组件和相互作用，又以有意义的方式传达这些信息，以便在不同规模上制定政策和进行管理？
The implications of cumulative land-use decisions and shifting climate on forests, require us to integrate our understanding of ecosystems, markets, policy, and resource management into a social-ecological system. Humans play a central role in macrosystem dynamics, which complicates ecological theories that do not explicitly include human interactions. These dynamics also impact ecological services and related markets, which challenges economic theory. Here, we use two forest macroscale management initiatives to develop a theoretical understanding of how management interacts with ecological functions and services at these scales and how the multiple large-scale management goals work either in consort or conflict with other forest functions and services. We suggest that calling upon theories developed for organismal ecology, ecosystem ecology, and ecological economics adds to our understanding of social-ecological macrosystems. To initiate progress, we propose future research questions to add rigor to macrosystem-scale studies: (1) What are the ecosystem functions that operate at macroscales, their necessary structural components, and how do we observe them? (2) How do systems at one scale respond if altered at another scale? (3) How do we both effectively measure these components and interactions, and communicate that information in a meaningful manner for policy and management across different scales?