Carbon Coalitions: Business, Climate Politics, and the Rise of Emissions Trading
Carbon Coalitions: Business, Climate Politics, and the Rise of Emissions Trading
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DOI：
10.7551/mitpress/9078.001.0001
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发表时间：
2011-08
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jonas O. Meckling
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文献类型：
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作者：
Jonas O. Meckling
在过去十年中，尽管存在相当大的争议，但碳交易已成为工业化国家应对全球气候变化的主要政策。2009年，碳市场价值1440亿美元，碳交易是基于市场的环境治理趋势的最大表现。在《碳联盟》一书中，Jonas Meckling首次对碳交易的兴起以及企业在使这一政策工具成为全球气候治理的核心支柱方面所发挥的作用进行了全面的研究，并解释了企业和一些市场导向的环保团体的跨国联盟如何积极推动国际排放交易，将其作为政治僵局中的一种妥协政策解决方案。该联盟不仅将支持税收和指挥控制监管的环保组织排除在外，还将拒绝任何排放控制的商业利益排除在外。考虑到商业影响力的来源，麦克林强调了政治机会的重要性（政策危机和规范）、联盟资源（筹资和合法性）和政治战略（动员国家盟友和多层次宣传）。梅克林提出了三个代表碳交易兴起里程碑的案例研究：《京都议定书》中排放交易的国际化（1989- 2000年）;欧盟排放交易体系的建立（1998- 2008年）; S.政策议程（2001- 2009年）。这些案例和麦克林为理解跨国企业联盟的影响而开发的理论框架，为企业在以市场为基础的全球环境治理中的作用提供了重要的见解。
Over the past decade, carbon trading has emerged as the industrialized world's primary policy response to global climate change despite considerable controversy. With carbon markets worth $144 billion in 2009, carbon trading represents the largest manifestation of the trend toward market-based environmental governance. In Carbon Coalitions, Jonas Meckling presents the first comprehensive study on the rise of carbon trading and the role business played in making this policy instrument a central pillar of global climate governance.Meckling explains how a transnational coalition of firms and a few market-oriented environmental groups actively promoted international emissions trading as a compromise policy solution in a situation of political stalemate. The coalition sidelined not only environmental groups that favored taxation and command-and-control regulation but also business interests that rejected any emissions controls. Considering the sources of business influence, Meckling emphasizes the importance of political opportunities (policy crises and norms), coalition resources (funding and legitimacy,) and political strategy (mobilizing state allies and multilevel advocacy).Meckling presents three case studies that represent milestones in the rise of carbon trading: the internationalization of emissions trading in the Kyoto Protocol (1989--2000); the creation of the EU Emissions Trading System (1998--2008); and the reemergence of emissions trading on the U. S. policy agenda (2001--2009). These cases and the theoretical framework that Meckling develops for understanding the influence of transnational business coalitions offer critical insights into the role of business in the emergence of market-based global environmental governance.