Good Vibrations: The Evolution of Whisking in Small Mammals
Good Vibrations: The Evolution of Whisking in Small Mammals
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DOI：
10.1002/ar.23989
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发表时间：
2018-11
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Magdalena N Muchlinski;J. Wible;Ian J. Corfe;M. Sullivan;R. Grant
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文献类型：
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作者：
Magdalena N Muchlinski;J. Wible;Ian J. Corfe;M. Sullivan;R. Grant
虽然大多数哺乳动物都有胡须，但一些触觉专家（主要是小型、夜行性和树栖物种）可以主动地以对称的周期性运动（称为拂动）来移动胡须。搅拌使哺乳动物能够快速，触觉扫描他们的环境，以有效地引导运动和觅食在复杂的栖息地。从有袋类动物到灵长类动物，都保留了使胡须能够移动的肌肉结构，这促使研究人员提出，一个共同的祖先可能有可移动的胡须。研究胡须触摸感应的进化是困难的，我们建议，测量头骨形态的一个方面，与搅拌将使灭绝和现存的哺乳动物之间的比较。我们发现，搅拌哺乳动物有较大的眶下孔（IOF）的地区，这表明更大的眶下神经和增加的感觉敏锐度。虽然这种关系是相当可变的，IOF面积不能单独用于预测搅拌的存在，搅拌哺乳动物都有大的IOF面积。一般来说，这种模式是真实的，无论动物的底物偏好或活动模式。哺乳动物化石和现存哺乳动物的祖先特征状态重建和追踪技术的数据表明，搅拌不是兽目哺乳动物的祖先状态。相反，搅拌似乎已经独立进化了多达七次，跨越了有袋目、杀非洲兽目、真蹄目和啮齿目的分支，其中Xenarthra是唯一缺乏搅拌物种的胎盘超序数分支。然而，术语“拂动”只描述了胡须的对称和有节奏的运动，而不是所有可能的胡须运动，早期哺乳动物可能仍然有可移动的胡须。Anat Rec，2018年。© 2018美国解剖学协会。
While most mammals have whiskers, some tactile specialists—mainly small, nocturnal, and arboreal species—can actively move their whiskers in a symmetrical, cyclic movement called whisking. Whisking enables mammals to rapidly, tactually scan their environment to efficiently guide locomotion and foraging in complex habitats. The muscle architecture that enables whisking is preserved from marsupials to primates, prompting researchers to suggest that a common ancestor might have had moveable whiskers. Studying the evolution of whisker touch sensing is difficult, and we suggest that measuring an aspect of skull morphology that correlates with whisking would enable comparisons between extinct and extant mammals. We find that whisking mammals have larger infraorbital foramen (IOF) areas, which indicates larger infraorbital nerves and an increase in sensory acuity. While this relationship is quite variable and IOF area cannot be used to solely predict the presence of whisking, whisking mammals all have large IOF areas. Generally, this pattern holds true regardless of an animal's substrate preferences or activity patterns. Data from fossil mammals and ancestral character state reconstruction and tracing techniques for extant mammals suggest that whisking is not the ancestral state for therian mammals. Instead, whisking appears to have evolved independently as many as seven times across the clades Marsupialia, Afrosoricida, Eulipotyphla, and Rodentia, with Xenarthra the only placental superordinal clade lacking whisking species. However, the term whisking only captures symmetrical and rhythmic movements of the whiskers, rather than all possible whisker movements, and early mammals may still have had moveable whiskers. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.