Stimulant and Sedative Effects of Alcohol
Stimulant and Sedative Effects of Alcohol
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DOI：
10.1007/7854_2011_135
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发表时间：
2013-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hommer, Daniel W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hendler, Reuben A.;Ramchandani, Vijay A.;Hommer, Daniel W.
酒精对人体既有刺激作用又有镇静作用。这两个看似相反的影响是理解许多关于酒精使用和滥用的文献的核心。在本章中，我们回顾了一些研究，这些研究描述并试图从刺激和镇静的角度测量酒精的主观、自主、运动、认知和行为影响的各个方面。虽然可以测量主观镇静和刺激作用，但尚不完全清楚是否所有运动、认知和行为作用都可以明确地归为一类。心率增加和攻击性似乎与刺激密切相关，但运动减慢和认知障碍也可能显示出与刺激相似的时间过程，使其与镇静的关系成为问题。有很好的协议，酒精的能力，诱导纹状体多巴胺的释放是酒精的刺激作用的机制，然而，在镇静作用的脑功能的变化是不太清楚。一般来说，刺激作用被认为比镇静作用更有益，但这可能不适用于抗焦虑作用，它似乎比刺激更与镇静密切相关。关于对酒精的反应如何预测酒精中毒风险的两个主要理论都假设酒精使用障碍高风险的个体与非高风险的个体相比，对酒精的镇静反应降低。此外，有一种理论认为，酒精中毒的风险也与对酒精的更大刺激反应有关。
Alcohol produces both stimulant and sedating effects in humans. These two seemingly opposite effects are central to the understanding of much of the literature on alcohol use and misuse. In this chapter we review studies that describe and attempt to measure various aspects of alcohol's subjective, autonomic, motor, cognitive and behavioral effects from the perspective of stimulation and sedation. Although subjective sedative and stimulatory effects can be measured, it is not entirely clear if all motor, cognitive and behavioral effects can be unambiguously assigned to either one or the other category. Increased heart rate and aggression seem strongly associated with stimulation, but motor slowing and cognitive impairment can also show a similar time course to stimulation, making their relation to sedation problematic. There is good agreement that alcohol's ability to induce striatal dopamine release is the mechanism underlying alcohol's stimulatory effects; however, the change in brain function underlying sedation is less well understood. In general, stimulatory effects are thought to be more rewarding than sedative effects, but this may not be true for anxiolytic effects which seem more closely related to sedation than stimulation. The two major theories of how response to alcohol predicts risk for alcoholism both postulate that individuals at high risk for alcohol use disorders have a reduced sedative response to alcohol compared to individuals not at high risk. In addition one theory proposes that alcoholism risk is also associated with a larger stimulatory response to alcohol.