A COMPARISON OF FEATURES CHARACTERISTIC OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSION CRATERS AND ASTROBLEMES *
A COMPARISON OF FEATURES CHARACTERISTIC OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSION CRATERS AND ASTROBLEMES *
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核爆炸弹坑和天体问题的特征比较*
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发表时间：
1965
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通讯作者：
N. Short
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作者：
N. Short
加利福尼亚大学劳伦斯辐射实验室，利弗莫尔，加利福尼亚州。引言 当赫顿说“现在是通往过去的钥匙”时，他当然没有想到构成本文主题的主题。但是，实际上，没有比核陨石坑更戏剧性的例子了，核陨石坑是人类直接控制事件的启动、执行和记录的情况，而撞击坑是一个在人类历史上几乎没有发生过的过程，但很可能在地质过去经常发生。需要阐述的要点是：（1）地球撞击坑或天体撞击坑是一种独特的结构，是由多种力的单一组合在不到一分钟的时间内产生的，这种组合会产生强烈的超压或冲击，其强度和特征作用是地球上任何其他自然过程所无法产生的； (2) 浅层地下核爆炸在许多方面模拟了撞击坑重新形成的机制，并且在适当的条件下可以导致与天体问题非常相似的最终结果； (3) 然而，这两类陨石坑的形成过程和机制存在显着差异； (4) 对核爆炸坑的详细研究是了解撞击坑成因的正确方法。核弹坑作为一种大规模土方移动技术，是 AEC 和平利用原子犁头计划的重要组成部分。自 1957 年以来，核爆炸在挖掘运河和港口、剥离覆盖层、建造水坝和集水盆地等方面的大量实验已经催生了一项新技术，现在被认为对未来具有实际前景。许多化学炸药和一些核弹坑炸药是在严格控制和仪器化的条件下引爆的。这些陨石坑的特征已通过广泛的测绘、挖掘和钻探得到了严格记录。这些研究的结果是对陨石坑的物理和工程方面有了极大的改进和更复杂的理解，其中大部分可以直接推断出撞击坑。的目标
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Universi ty of California Livermore, Cal i f . INTRODUCTION When Hutton stated tha t “The present is the key to the past,” he certainly didn’t have in mind the topic which forms the subject of this paper. But, actually there may be no more dramatic examples of this aphorism than a comparison of nuclear cratering, a case where men have direct control over initiating, executing, and recording the event, with impact cratering, a process that with few exceptions has not happened during human history, yet most probably has recurred frequently in the geologic past. The points to be developed are these: (1) tha t a terrestrial impact crater, or astrobleme, is a unique structure produced in a fraction of a minute by a singular combination of forces which generate intense overpressures or shocks, of magnitudes and characteristic actions not produced by any other natural process on ear th ; (2) that underground nuclear explosions at shallow depths in many respects simulate the mechanisms by which impact craters a re formed, and under appropriate conditions can lead to end results bearing a strong resemblance to the astroblemes; (3) tha t there are, however, notable differences in the processes and mechanisms of development of these two types of craters; and ( 4 ) tha t a detailed study of nuclear explosion craters is a proper approach to understanding the genesis of impact craters. Nuclear cratering as a technique for large-scale earth moving is a major part of the AEC’s Plowshare program for peaceful uses of the atom. Since 1957, intensive experimentation in the application of nuclear explosives to digging canals and harbors, to stripping overburden, and to building dams and catchment basins, has led to a new technology now considered to hold practical promise for the future. Many chemical and several nuclear cratering explosives have been detonated under carefully controlled and instrumented conditions. The characteristics of these craters have been rigorously documented by extensive mapping, excavating, and drilling. The outcome of these studies has been a vastly improved, more sophisticated understanding of the physics and engineering aspects of cratering, much of which can be directly extrapolated to impact craters. The objective of