Gradients of life-history variation: an intercontinental comparison of fishes
Gradients of life-history variation: an intercontinental comparison of fishes
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生活史变异的梯度：鱼类的洲际比较
DOI：
10.1023/a:1025352026974
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发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
E. García‐Berthou
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Vila;R. Moreno‐Amich;E. García‐Berthou
多变量分析确定了来自欧洲、北美洲、南美洲以及北美洲南极和太平洋沿岸的301种鱼类的生活史变化的二维连续体。第一次繁殖与个体较大、繁殖力较高、成熟延迟、繁殖事件较少和繁殖季节较短有关，与个体较小、繁殖力较低、成熟早、每年多次繁殖事件和繁殖季节较长有关。第二轴是将卵较大、父母照顾较多的鱼类与具有相反特征的鱼类进行对比。在目内物种排序的一般模式中，物种的系统发生联系是明显的，表明生活史模式中的进化分歧。事实上，划分生活史特征的方差显示，分类顺序和纬度是最重要的因素，地理区域和栖息地是最小的。尽管存在系统发育的限制，基本生活史模式显示出一致性之间的遥远的地理区域，纬度范围和基本的成年栖息地，表明生活史模式的趋同。虽然基本的生活史模式在亲缘关系远的类群中似乎是可重复的，但地理和纬度的联系是明显的。来自南美洲的物种偏向于机会主义终点，而北美海洋物种则偏向于三边连续体模型的周期性终点。来自南美洲的大部分鱼类来自波动的环境，因此早期成熟和连续产卵的机会主义策略允许在小空间尺度上有效地实现栖息地的非均匀化。相比之下，北美和欧洲数据集中的大多数物种来自季节性栖息地，但水文稳定性更高，因此延迟成熟以获得大窝卵的周期性策略增强了次优环境条件下的成年存活率，并在生命早期阶段遇到合适的环境条件时进行补充。同样，纬度的关系也被观察到：机会主义者更常见的内向纬度和周期性的战略家更常见的温带和北极纬度。
Multivariate analysis identified atwo-dimensional continuum of life-historyvariation among 301 fish species from Europe,North America, South America and the Atlanticand Pacific coasts of North America. The firstaxis was associated with larger body size,higher fecundity, delayed maturation, fewerreproductive events, and shorter breedingseason on one end and small size, lowfecundity, early maturity, multiplereproductive events per year, and prolongedbreeding season on the other. The second axiscontrasted fishes having larger eggs and moreparental care against fishes with the oppositesuite of traits.Phylogenetic affiliations of species wereapparent in the general patterns of ordinationof species within orders, indicatingevolutionary divergences in life-historypatterns. In fact, partitioning the variance oflife-history traits showed that taxonomic orderand latitude were the most important factorsand geographic region and habitat the least.Despite phylogenetic constraints, basiclife-history patterns showed consistencybetween distantly geographical regions,latitudinal ranges and basic adult habitats,indicating convergences in life-historypatterns. Although the basic life-historypatterns seemed repeatable among distantlyrelated taxa, geographical and latitudinalaffiliations were apparent. Species from SouthAmerica are skewed toward the opportunisticendpoint, whereas North American marine speciesare skewed toward the periodic endpoint of thetrilateral continuum model. Most of the fishspecies from South American data set came fromfluctuating environments, so an opportunisticstrategy of early maturation and continuousspawning permits efficient recolonization ofhabitats over small spatial scales. Incontrast, most species in the North Americanand European data sets came from seasonalhabitats that are nonetheless more hydrologicalstable, so a periodic strategy of delayingmaturation to attain large clutches enhancesadult survivorship during suboptimalenvironmental conditions and recruitment whenearly life stages encounter suitableenvironmental conditions. Similarly,latitudinal affiliations were also observed:opportunistic strategists more common intropical latitudes and periodic strategistsmore common in temperate and Arctic latitudes.