Evidence for the Ayyūbid Iqṭāʿ in Ifrīqiyya and a Reconsideration of the Almohad Iqṭāʿ
Evidence for the Ayyūbid Iqṭāʿ in Ifrīqiyya and a Reconsideration of the Almohad Iqṭāʿ
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《IfrĄqiyya》中 AyyÅ«bid Iqá1äÊ¿ 的证据以及对 Almohad Iqá1äÊ¿ 的重新考虑
DOI：
10.1080/09503110.2019.1660949
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通讯作者：
Amar S. Baadj
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作者：
Amar S. Baadj
本研究首先概述阿尤布德 iqṭāʿ 体系及其特征，然后回顾阿尔莫哈德 iqṭāʿ 体系的学术现状。然后深入分析了有关《阿尔莫哈德 iqṭāʿ》的一些关键主要来源段落。阿尔莫哈德受赠者 (muqṭaʿ) 与其遗产的关系问题受到特别关注，并且提出的证据表明，阿尔莫哈德受赠者和哈菲德受赠者在没有国家中介作用的情况下直接开发和管理他们的遗产，就像阿尤布王朝统治下的马什里克的情况一样。然后，来自被忽视的来源的证据表明，在 1180 年代 Sharaf al-Dīn Qarāqūsh 和 Ghuzz（阿尤布士兵）占领伊夫里基亚（利比亚西部和突尼斯）期间，阿尤布 iqṭāʿ 系统曾在该地区应用。被阿尔摩哈德人击败后，古兹人受雇于阿尔摩哈德军队，其中一些人获得了很高的军衔。有人认为，阿尤布王朝对伊夫里基亚的占领，以及随后古兹人在阿尔摩哈德军事机构中的出现，可能对阿尔摩哈德时期和后阿尔摩哈德时期伊克塔的发展产生了一些影响。
This study begins with an overview of the Ayyūbid system of iqṭāʿ and its characteristics, followed by a review of the current state of scholarship on the Almohad iqṭāʿ system. Then some key primary-source passages concerning the Almohad iqṭāʿ are analysed in depth. The problem of the relation of the Almohad grantee (muqṭaʿ) to his estate is particularly focused on, and evidence is presented which suggests that the Almohad and Ḥafṣid grantees directly exploited and administered their estates without the intermediary role of the state, as was the case in the Mashriq under the Ayyūbids. Then evidence is presented from a neglected source, which shows that the Ayyūbid iqṭāʿ system was applied in Ifrīqiyya (western Libya and Tunisia) during the occupation of that region by Sharaf al-Dīn Qarāqūsh and the Ghuzz (Ayyūbid soldiers) in the 1180s. Following their defeat by the Almohads, the Ghuzz were employed in the Almohad army and some of them attained high rank. It is suggested that the Ayyūbid occupation of Ifrīqiyya, and the subsequent presence of the Ghuzz in the Almohad military apparatus may have had some influence on the development of the iqṭāʿ in the Almohad and post-Almohad periods.