Diversity in the Toll-Like Receptor Genes of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus).
Diversity in the Toll-Like Receptor Genes of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus).
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0163331
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Kotze A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dalton DL;Vermaak E;Roelofse M;Kotze A
非洲企鹅，Spheniscus demersus，被世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录列为濒危物种，因为在过去的20年里人口数量急剧减少。迄今为止，企鹅免疫遗传变异的唯一研究已经进行了主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）基因。在人类中，对病原体的免疫反应中多达一半的遗传变异性位于非MHC基因中。Toll样受体（TLR）作为一种更广泛的方法来确定功能遗传多样性，现在越来越多地被研究在各种类群。在这项研究中，我们证实了非洲企鹅先天免疫区的遗传多样性低，类似于新西兰知更鸟中观察到的经历了几个严重的人口瓶颈。TLR的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）多样性在非原位和原位企鹅之间变化，与非原位群体（n = 14）中的非同义改变的数量相比，原位群体（n = 16）减少。保持适应性多样性在保证种群中至关重要，因为这些动物可能在未来用于重新引入。因此，这项研究提供了企鹅免疫基因多样性的基本数据，并将有助于提供一个额外的监测工具，非洲企鹅在野外，以及监测异地种群的多样性，并确保在原位种群中发现的多样性被捕获的保证人口。
The African penguin, Spheniscus demersus, is listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species due to the drastic reduction in population numbers over the last 20 years. To date, the only studies on immunogenetic variation in penguins have been conducted on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. It was shown in humans that up to half of the genetic variability in immune responses to pathogens are located in non-MHC genes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are now increasingly being studied in a variety of taxa as a broader approach to determine functional genetic diversity. In this study, we confirm low genetic diversity in the innate immune region of African penguins similar to that observed in New Zealand robin that has undergone several severe population bottlenecks. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity across TLRs varied between ex situ and in situ penguins with the number of non-synonymous alterations in ex situ populations (n = 14) being reduced in comparison to in situ populations (n = 16). Maintaining adaptive diversity is of vital importance in the assurance populations as these animals may potentially be used in the future for re-introductions. Therefore, this study provides essential data on immune gene diversity in penguins and will assist in providing an additional monitoring tool for African penguin in the wild, as well as to monitor diversity in ex situ populations and to ensure that diversity found in the in situ populations are captured in the assurance populations.
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影响因子：
15.3
作者：
Hawn, TR;Verbon, A;Lettinga, KD;Zhao, LP;Li, SS;Laws, RJ;Skerrett, SJ;Beutler, B;Schroeder, L;Nachman, A;Ozinsky, A;Smith, KD;Aderem, A
通讯作者：
Aderem, A
影响因子：
4.4
作者：
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通讯作者：
Bradley, Daniel G.
影响因子：
10.7
作者：
Alcaide, Miguel;Edwards, Scott V.
通讯作者：
Edwards, Scott V.
DOI：
10.2307/4512240
发表时间：
1976-01-01
期刊：
BIRD-BANDING
影响因子：
--
作者：
BOCK, CE;LEPTHIEN, LW
通讯作者：
LEPTHIEN, LW
影响因子：
30.5
作者：
Hajjar, AM;Ernst, RK;Miller, SI
通讯作者：
Miller, SI