A framework to assess the resilience of farming systems
A framework to assess the resilience of farming systems
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DOI：
10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102656
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发表时间：
2019-11-01
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Reidsma, Pytrik
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Meuwissen, Miranda P. M.;Feindt, Peter H.;Reidsma, Pytrik
欧洲的农业系统面临着越来越多的经济、生态和社会挑战，令人担忧其抵御冲击和压力的能力。这些复原力问题需要着重于耕作系统运作的区域背景，因为农场、农民组织、服务提供者和供应链行为者植根于当地环境和农业职能。我们将农业系统的复原力定义为在面对日益复杂和不断积累的经济、社会、环境和体制冲击和压力时，通过稳健性、适应性和变化性能力确保提供系统功能的能力。我们(I)制定了一个评估耕作系统复原力的框架，并(Ii)提出了一种方法，以使该框架在欧洲多样化的耕作系统中发挥作用。该框架旨在评估应对具体挑战的复原力(具体复原力)以及农业系统处理未知、不确定和意外情况的能力(一般复原力)。该框架提供了一个启发式方法来分析系统特性、挑战(冲击、长期压力)、衡量系统功能表现的指标、复原力能力和增强复原力的属性。能力和属性指的是农业做法、农场人口统计、治理和风险管理的适应性循环进程。该框架的新颖之处在于分析的重点范围，即耕作制度层面，考虑到不断积累的挑战和各种农业程序，以及考虑到耕作制度提供可随时间变化的多种功能。此外，三种复原力(稳健性、适应性、变革性)之间的区别确保了该框架超越了将复原力限制为稳健性的狭隘定义。该方法采用混合方法：使用统计学、计量经济学和建模等定量方法来确定基本模式、因果解释和可能的促成因素；而定性方法，如访谈、参与性办法和利益攸关方讲习班，则用于获取经验和背景知识，并提供更细致入微的见解。更具体地说，沿着该框架的分析探索了在1-2代的时间范围内的多个嵌套级别的农业系统(例如农场、农户、供应链、农业系统)，从而能够反思跨弹性属性的潜在的时间和标量权衡。荷兰Veenkolonien的耕地耕作系统说明了该框架的丰富性。分析表明，这种耕作制度的转型能力相对较低，农民对转型感到苦恼，而他们家庭的其他成员也经历了许多转型的例子。
Agricultural systems in Europe face accumulating economic, ecological and societal challenges, raising concerns about their resilience to shocks and stresses. These resilience issues need to be addressed with a focus on the regional context in which farming systems operate because farms, farmers' organizations, service suppliers and supply chain actors are embedded in local environments and functions of agriculture. We define resilience of a farming system as its ability to ensure the provision of the system functions in the face of increasingly complex and accumulating economic, social, environmental and institutional shocks and stresses, through capacities of robustness, adaptability and transformability. We (i) develop a framework to assess the resilience of farming systems, and (ii) present a methodology to operationalize the framework with a view to Europe's diverse farming systems. The framework is designed to assess resilience to specific challenges (specified resilience) as well as a farming system's capacity to deal with the unknown, uncertainty and surprise (general resilience). The framework provides a heuristic to analyze system properties, challenges (shocks, long-term stresses), indicators to measure the performance of system functions, resilience capacities and resilience-enhancing attributes. Capacities and attributes refer to adaptive cycle processes of agricultural practices, farm demographics, governance and risk management. The novelty of the framework pertains to the focal scale of analysis, i.e. the farming system level, the consideration of accumulating challenges and various agricultural processes, and the consideration that farming systems provide multiple functions that can change over time. Furthermore, the distinction between three resilience capacities (robustness, adaptability, transformability) ensures that the framework goes beyond narrow definitions that limit resilience to robustness. The methodology deploys a mixed-methods approach: quantitative methods, such as statistics, econometrics and modelling, are used to identify underlying patterns, causal explanations and likely contributing factors; while qualitative methods, such as interviews, participatory approaches and stakeholder workshops, access experiential and contextual knowledge and provide more nuanced insights. More specifically, analysis along the framework explores multiple nested levels of farming systems (e.g. farm, farm household, supply chain, farming system) over a time horizon of 1-2 generations, thereby enabling reflection on potential temporal and scalar trade-offs across resilience attributes. The richness of the framework is illustrated for the arable farming system in Veenkolonien, the Netherlands. The analysis reveals a relatively low capacity of this farming system to transform and farmers feeling distressed about transformation, while other members of their households have experienced many examples of transformation.