SCALING BODY SUPPORT IN MAMMALS - LIMB POSTURE AND MUSCLE MECHANICS
SCALING BODY SUPPORT IN MAMMALS - LIMB POSTURE AND MUSCLE MECHANICS
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DOI：
10.1126/science.2740914
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发表时间：
1989-07-07
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
BIEWENER, AA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BIEWENER, AA
哺乳动物骨骼和肌肉几何形状的缩放表明，作用在这两个支撑元件中的峰值应力（力与横截面积的比率）随着身体尺寸的增加而增加。然而，对剧烈活动期间不同体型哺乳动物四肢骨中作用的应力的观察表明，峰值骨应力与体型无关（保持 2 到 4 之间的安全系数）。大型和小型哺乳动物中类似的峰值骨应力和肌肉应力似乎主要是通过运动肢体姿势的尺寸依赖性变化来实现的：小型动物以蹲伏姿势奔跑，而大型动物则更直立行走。通过采取直立姿势，大型动物将其四肢与地面反作用力更紧密地对齐，从而大大减少了其肌肉必须施加的力（与质量质量0.74成比例），从而减少了其骨骼必须抵抗的力，以抵消关节力矩。然而，这种为了将运动压力维持在安全限度内而改变肢体姿势的做法，可能会限制大型动物的机动性和加速能力。
The scaling of bone and muscle geometry in mammals suggests that peak stresses (ratio of force to cross-sectional area) acting in these two support elements increase with increasing body size. Observations of stresses acting in the limb bones of different sized mammals during strenuous activity, however, indicate that peak bone stress is independent of size (maintaining a safety factor of between 2 and 4). It appears that similar peak bone stresses and muscle stresses in large and small mammals are achieved primarily by a size-dependent change in locomotor limb posture: small animals run with crouched postures, whereas large species run more upright. By adopting an upright posture, large animals align their limbs more closely with the ground reaction force, substantially reducing the forces that their muscles must exert (proportional to mass mass0.74) and hence, the forces that their bones must resist, to counteract joint moments. This change in limb posture to maintain locomotor stresses within safe limits, however, likely limits the maneuverability and accelerative capacity of large animals.