Artificial selection and maintenance of genetic variance in the global dairy cow population
Artificial selection and maintenance of genetic variance in the global dairy cow population
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2005.1668
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发表时间：
2005-07-29
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Goddard, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brotherstone, S;Goddard, M
奶牛的遗传改良使英国奶牛在12年内每次泌乳的产奶量提高了1200公斤，这是数量遗传学在农业上应用的一个极好的例子。奶牛最重要的性状只在母牛身上表现出来，但选择的主要机会在公牛身上。尽管如此，遗传改良是通过发明一种新的统计方法来实现的，这种方法被称为“最佳线性无偏预测”，用于估计公牛的繁殖价值。对最佳公牛的严格挑选，加上世界范围内通过人工授精和冷冻精液使用这些公牛，已经创造了一个全球人口，并引起了人们对未来可用的遗传变异将减少的担忧。维持遗传变异和长期遗传收益将得益于合理的支付制度，在有利可图的地方使用杂交，在育种目标中包括所有经济上重要的性状，通过环境相互作用识别基因型，以及使用选择算法来平衡估计的育种价值和被选动物之间的平均关系。幸运的是，所有这些事情都在某种程度上发生了。
Genetic improvement of dairy cows, which has increased the milk yield of cows in the UK by 1200 kg per lactation in 12 years, is an excellent example of the application of quantitative genetics to agriculture. The most important traits of dairy cattle are expressed only in females, but the main opportunity for selection is in males. Despite this, genetic improvement was achieved by the invention of a new statistical methodology, called 'best linear unbiased prediction' to estimate the breeding value of bulls. Intense selection of the best bulls, combined with the worldwide use of these bulls through artificial insemination and frozen semen, has created a global population and caused concern that the genetic variation available in the future will be reduced. Maintenance of genetic variation and long-term genetic gains would be aided by rational payment systems, use of crossbreeding where profitable, inclusion of all economically important traits in the breeding objective, recognition of genotype by environment interactions and the use of selection algorithms that balance estimated breeding value against the average relationship among the selected animals. Fortunately, all of these things are happening to some degree.