EFFECT OF STARTING AGE OF PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY ON BONE MASS IN THE DOMINANT ARM OF TENNIS AND SQUASH PLAYERS
EFFECT OF STARTING AGE OF PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY ON BONE MASS IN THE DOMINANT ARM OF TENNIS AND SQUASH PLAYERS
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DOI：
10.7326/0003-4819-123-1-199507010-00003
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发表时间：
1995-07-01
影响因子：
39.2
通讯作者：
VUORI, I
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
KANNUS, P;HAAPASALO, H;VUORI, I
目的：探讨女子网球和壁球运动员开始打网球或壁球的生理年龄（即开始打网球或壁球的年龄相对于初潮年龄）对运动臂和非运动臂骨矿物质含量差异的影响。设计：横断面研究。背景：芬兰网球和壁球联合会。参与者：105名芬兰女性国家级运动员和50名健康女性对照组。主要结果测量：比较运动员和对照组以及六组运动员在运动和非运动（优势和非优势）臂（肱骨近端、肱骨干、桡骨干和桡骨远端）骨矿物质含量的差异。根据运动员职业生涯开始的生理年龄（月经初潮前或月经初潮后），运动员被分为两组：5岁以上；3至5年前；2至0年前；1至5年后；6至15年后；15年之后。结果：与对照组（其骨矿物质含量的平均+/- SD差异为4.6% +/- 4.6%,3.2% +/- 2.3%,3.2% +/- 3.8%和3.9% +/- 4.3%）相比，球员在每个测量部位的侧对侧差异显著（P < 0.001）（15.5% +/- 8.4%, 16.2% +/- 9.8%, 8.5% +/- 6.6和12.5% +/- 7.1%）。运动员中骨矿物质含量组间差异有统计学意义（P < 0.001 ~ P = 0.005），组间差异随起始生物学年龄的增加而明显降低。在月经初潮之前或在月经初潮时开始职业生涯的球员（骨矿物质含量的平均差异最低，10.5% +/- 7.2%；最高，23.5% +/- 7.2%）的差异是月经初潮后15年以上开始职业生涯的球员的2至4倍（最低差异，2.4% +/- 4.8%；最高差异，9.6% +/- 4.9%）。调整潜在的混杂因素（年龄和身高）并没有改变这些趋势。结论：运动肢体的骨骼明显受益于积极的网球和壁球训练，这增加了它们的矿物质含量。如果女性在月经初潮之前开始玩游戏，那么玩游戏的好处大约是月经初潮之后的两倍。产生这些结果所需的最低运动水平和最低运动年数，在停止高强度训练后这种益处持续的程度，以及这些结果可以扩展到其他形式的体育活动和其他骨骼部位的程度，都应该进一步研究。
Objective: To determine in female tennis and squash players the effect of biological age (that is, the starting age of playing relative to the age at menarche) at which tennis or squash playing was started on the difference in bone mineral content between the playing and nonplaying arms.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: Finnish tennis and squash federations.Participants: 105 female Finnish national-level players and 50 healthy female controls.Main Outcome Measures: Differences in bone mineral content in playing and nonplaying (dominant to nondominant) arms (proximal humerus, humeral shaft, radial shaft, and distal radius) were compared in the players and controls and among six groups of players. Players were divided into groups according to the biological age (years before or after menarche) at which their playing careers began: more than 5 years before; 3 to 5 years before; 2 to 0 years before; 1 to 5 years after; 6 to 15 years after; and more than 15 years after.Results: Compared with controls (whose mean +/- SD differences in bone mineral content were 4.6% +/- 4.6%, 3.2% +/- 2.3%, 3.2% +/- 3.8%, and 3.9% +/- 4.3% at the previously noted anatomical sites), the players had a significantly (P < 0.001) larger side-to-side difference in every measured site (15.5% +/- 8.4%, 16.2% +/- 9.8%, 8.5% +/- 6.6, and 12.5% +/- 7.1%). Among players, the group differences in bone mineral content were significant (P < 0.001 to P = 0.005), with the group means clearly decreasing with increasing starting biological age of playing. The difference was two to four times greater in the players who had started their playing careers before or at menarche (lowest mean difference in bone mineral content, 10.5% +/- 7.2%; highest difference, 23.5% +/- 7.2%) than in those who started more than 15 years after menarche (lowest difference, 2.4% +/- 4.8%; highest difference, 9.6% +/- 4.9%). Adjustment for potential confounding factors (age and height) did not change these trends.Conclusions: Bones of the playing extremity clearly benefit from active tennis and squash training, which increases their mineral mass. The benefit of playing is about two times greater if females start playing at or before menarche rather than after it. The minimal level and minimum number of years of activity necessary to produce these results, the extent to which this benefit is sustained after cessation of intensive training, and the degree to which these results can be extended to other forms of physical activity and other bone sites should be studied further.