From Conscious Thought to Automatic Action: A Simulation Account of Action Planning
From Conscious Thought to Automatic Action: A Simulation Account of Action Planning
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DOI：
10.1037/xge0000344
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发表时间：
2017-10-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Gollwitzer, Peter M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Martiny-Huenger, Torsten;Martiny, Sarah E.;Gollwitzer, Peter M.
我们提供了一个理论框架和经验证据，说明口头计划行动如何创建直接的感知-行动联系和行为自动化。我们认为，以“如果（情况）-那么（行动）”的形式规划行动会引发对预期情况和预期行动的感觉运动模拟（即在感觉和运动大脑区域重演事件的活动模式）。由于它们的时间重叠，这些活动模式变得相互联系。每当遇到先前模拟的情况时，先前模拟的动作就会通过扩散激活而部分地重新激活，从而更有可能被执行。在 4 项实验 (N = 363) 中，我们研究了用于激活肘部弯曲与伸展运动模拟的特定“如果-那么”行动计划与后续表面上不相关的分类任务中实际肘部弯曲与伸展运动之间的关系。正如预期的那样，将关键刺激与暗示肘部弯曲运动（例如，抓住它进行消费）的预期动作联系起来，随后在遇到关键刺激时促进了肘部弯曲运动。然而，将关键刺激与暗示肘部伸展运动（例如指向它）的动作联系起来，随后会在遇到关键刺激时促进肘部伸展运动。因此，口头制定的行动计划（即有意识的思考）中的微小差异（即，将“指向”与“抓住”互换）会对随后的行动产生系统性的影响。所提供的理论框架和相应的经验证据阐明了有意识的思维如何引发刺激触发的行动的问题，促进了对行为自动性和人类能动性的理解。
We provide a theoretical framework and empirical evidence for how verbally planning an action creates direct perception-action links and behavioral automaticity. We argue that planning actions in an if (situation)-then (action) format induces sensorimotor simulations (i.e., activity patterns reenacting the event in the sensory and motor brain areas) of the anticipated situation and the intended action. Due to their temporal overlap, these activity patterns become linked. Whenever the previously simulated situation is encountered, the previously simulated action is partially reactivated through spreading activation and thus more likely to be executed. In 4 experiments (N = 363), we investigated the relation between specific if-then action plans worded to activate simulations of elbow flexion versus extension movements and actual elbow flexion versus extension movements in a subsequent, ostensibly unrelated categorization task. As expected, linking a critical stimulus to intended actions that implied elbow flexion movements (e.g., grabbing it for consumption) subsequently facilitated elbow flexion movements upon encountering the critical stimulus. However, linking a critical stimulus to actions that implied elbow extension movements (e.g., pointing at it) subsequently facilitated elbow extension movements upon encountering the critical stimulus. Thus, minor differences (i.e., exchanging the words "point at" with "grab") in verbally formulated action plans (i.e., conscious thought) had systematic consequences on subsequent actions. The question of how conscious thought can induce stimulus-triggered action is illuminated by the provided theoretical framework and the respective empirical evidence, facilitating the understanding of behavioral automaticity and human agency.