Multiple performance peaks for scale-biting in an adaptive radiation of pupfishes.
Multiple performance peaks for scale-biting in an adaptive radiation of pupfishes.
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河豚鱼适应性辐射中咬鳞的多个性能峰值。
DOI：
10.1101/2023.12.22.573139
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Martin,ChristopherH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tan,Anson;StJohn,Michelle;Chau,Dylan;Clair,Chloe;Chan,HoWan;Holzman,Roi;Martin,ChristopherH
生物与环境之间的物理相互作用最终塑造了它们的物种形成和适应性辐射的速率，但生物力学对进化分歧的贡献经常被忽视。在这里，我们调查了一个适应辐射的鲤科pupfishes测量喂养运动学和性能之间的关系，在适应一个新的营养生态位，lepidophagy，其中捕食者只删除鳞片，粘液，有时组织从他们的猎物使用刮和咬的攻击。我们使用高速视频拍摄鳞片咬明胶立方体的鳞片食，软体动物，多面手，和杂交pupfishes，随后测量的尺寸，每个咬。然后，我们训练了SLEAP机器学习动物跟踪模型来测量运动学标志，并从227次记录的撞击中自动获得了超过10万帧的分数。鳞食动物表现出增加峰值张口和更大的咬长，但是，大量的个体内的运动学变化导致差的歧视罢工的物种或罢工类型。尽管如此，一个复杂的性能景观与两个不同的峰值最好的预测凝胶咬性能，对应于一个显着的非线性之间的相互作用，峰张口和峰下巴突起，其中鳞片吃和他们的混合体占据了第二个性能峰值，需要更大的峰张口和更大的下巴突起。一个咬性能谷分隔鳞片食其他物种可能有助于他们的快速进化，并与多个估计的多峰健身景观在野外是一致的。因此，我们提出了一个有效的深度学习自动化管道，用于对摄食罢工进行运动学分析，并提出了一个新的生物力学模型，用于了解稀有营养生态位的性能和快速进化。
The physical interactions between organisms and their environment ultimately shape their rate of speciation and adaptive radiation, but the contributions of biomechanics to evolutionary divergence are frequently overlooked. Here we investigated an adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes to measure the relationship between feeding kinematics and performance during adaptation to a novel trophic niche, lepidophagy, in which a predator removes only the scales, mucus, and sometimes tissue from their prey using scraping and biting attacks. We used high-speed video to film scale-biting strikes on gelatin cubes by scale-eater, molluscivore, generalist, and hybrid pupfishes and subsequently measured the dimensions of each bite. We then trained the SLEAP machine-learning animal tracking model to measure kinematic landmarks and automatically scored over 100,000 frames from 227 recorded strikes. Scale-eaters exhibited increased peak gape and greater bite length; however, substantial within-individual kinematic variation resulted in poor discrimination of strikes by species or strike type. Nonetheless, a complex performance landscape with two distinct peaks best predicted gel-biting performance, corresponding to a significant nonlinear interaction between peak gape and peak jaw protrusion in which scale-eaters and their hybrids occupied a second performance peak requiring larger peak gape and greater jaw protrusion. A bite performance valley separating scale-eaters from other species may have contributed to their rapid evolution and is consistent with multiple estimates of a multi-peak fitness landscape in the wild. We thus present an efficient deep-learning automated pipeline for kinematic analyses of feeding strikes and a new biomechanical model for understanding the performance and rapid evolution of a rare trophic niche.