Political Ecologies of War and Forests: Counterinsurgencies and the Making of National Natures
Political Ecologies of War and Forests: Counterinsurgencies and the Making of National Natures
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战争与森林的政治生态：平叛与民族性质的形成
DOI：
10.1080/00045608.2011.560064
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Peter Vandergeest
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Peluso;Peter Vandergeest
我们研究一种特定类型的政治暴力的意义-平叛-在政治森林的制作，提供了一个链接的森林的政治生态和战争的地理文献。在冷战期间，特别是在20世纪50年代和70年代末之间，自然与民族国家的关系被重塑，部分原因是与森林地区上演的“叛乱”和“紧急情况”交战。这些叛乱代表了新兴民族国家的文明计划的替代方案;它们也发生在历史时刻和地点，中心主义国家的影响力仍然是试探性的。我们认为，战争，叛乱和反叛乱有助于正常化的政治森林作为现代民族国家的组成部分期间和之后的暴力。政治暴力也使国家林业在科学林业的名义下得以扩张。军事平叛行动促进了森林和农业的实际和政治分离，促进和创造了新的种族化的国家森林和公民主体，并促进了向林业部门转让技术。“丛林”周围环境安全的危机言论，作为危险的空间，居住着可疑的人口，特别是靠近国际边界，与保护和其他国家安全的话语同时出现。因此，反叛乱措施通过扩大其政治森林加强了民族国家的领土权力和影响力。
We examine the significance of a specific type of political violence—counterinsurgency—in the making of political forests, providing a link between literatures on the political ecology of forests and the geographies of war. During the Cold War, particularly between the 1950s and the end of the 1970s, natures were remade in relation to nation-states in part through engagements with “insurgencies” and “emergencies” staged from forested territories. These insurgencies represented alternative civilizing projects to those of the nascent nation-states; they also took place in historical moments and sites where the reach of centrifically focused nations was still tentative. We argue that war, insurgency, and counterinsurgency helped normalize political forests as components of the modern nation-state during and in the aftermath of violence. The political violence also enabled state-based forestry to expand under the rubric of scientific forestry. Military counterinsurgency operations contributed to the practical and political separation of forests and agriculture, furthered and created newly racialized state forests and citizen-subjects, and facilitated the transfer of technologies to forestry departments. The crisis rhetoric of environmental security around “jungles,” as dangerous spaces peopled with suspect populations, particularly near international borders, articulated with conservation and other national security discourses that emerged concurrently. Counterinsurgency measures thus strengthened the territorial power and reach of national states by extending its political forests.