Water Safety Plans
Water Safety Plans
复制标题
水安全计划
DOI：
10.1007/1-4020-3022-3_9
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ingrid Chorus
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ingrid Chorus
Awareness of cyanobacterial toxicity as a human health hazard has existed in local populations for a long time (see Chapter 1 in this book). This includes local ‘common sense’responses to avoid exposure, reflected for instance by childhood memories of grandmother’s advice ‘don’t swim when the water looks green’.Research on cyanotoxins started in a small number of institutes in the 1960s and picked up momentum paralleling the increasing occurrence of cyanobacteria that accompanied rapidly increasing eutrophication. By the end of the 1980s, chemical structures of major cyanotoxins were known and their toxicity described. Some awareness of the problem existed in the scientific community, and first surveys assessing toxicity of blooms with mouse bioassays were conducted. Incidents of animal deaths and human illness attributed to toxic cyanobacteria were increasingly published (see Kuiper-Goodman et al., 1999, for an overview). In 1992, for the first time a massive calamity–ie the Murray-Darling River bloom in Australia with livestock deaths ranging in the thousands–triggered responses towards regulatory approaches. These included capacity building in the form of institutionalising a national ‘Algal Task Force’as well as the development of guidelines (Ressom, 1994). These were based on targeted scientific investigations, such as an epidemiological study on recreational exposure (Pilotto et al., 1997). In England, the problem received public attention after 1989, when the National River Authority published one of the first comprehensive brochures on toxic cyanobacteria following the illness of army cadets training in a lake with heavy Microcystis blooms (National Rivers Authority, 1990).
