A tale of 2 signals: signal mimicry between aposematic species enhances predator avoidance learning
A tale of 2 signals: signal mimicry between aposematic species enhances predator avoidance learning
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DOI：
10.1093/beheco/arq071
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发表时间：
2010-07-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Mappes, Johanna
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rowland, Hannah M.;Hoogesteger, Tom;Mappes, Johanna
缪勒拟态，其中2个或多个不相关的警戒物种彼此相似，预计将减少人均死亡率的共同模仿，让他们分担教育天真的捕食者关于他们的不适口性的成本。然而，穆勒的共享相似性理论的具体假设和预测以前没有得到支持;一些作者认为信号相似性的好处是不可检测的，或者充其量是非常小的。我们清楚而明确地表明，模仿之间的2防御形式可以提供实质性的保护，从未受过教育的捕食者的方式最初由穆勒。通过利用猎物信号的设计和证明，同样可见，学习与平等的设施，并区分我们的捕食者，我们评估的影响存在的信号模仿的生存模式的物种在一个“新的世界”的实验，野生捕获的大山雀（山雀）作为捕食者。我们发现，模仿的净效应是互利的，通过共同的捕食者学习，共同模仿者表现出更高的生存能力。视觉上不同的猎物表现出死亡率的好处共存，即使没有信号模仿作为一个结果的密度依赖性稀释效应。完美的模仿提供了增强捕食者回避学习的额外好处，我们的研究结果表明，共享警告信号的好处可能比穆勒最初提出的还要强。
Mullerian mimicry, where 2 or more unrelated aposematic species resemble one another, is predicted to reduce the per capita mortality of co-mimics by allowing them to share the cost of educating naive predators about their unpalatability. However, the specific assumptions and predictions of Muller's theory of shared resemblance have been previously unsupported; some authors have suggested that the benefits of signal similarity are undetectable or at best very small. We demonstrate clearly and unambiguously that mimicry between 2 defended forms can provide substantial protection from uneducated predators in the manner proposed originally by Muller. By utilizing prey signals that were designed and demonstrated, to be equally visible, learned with equal facility, and discriminated by our predators, we assessed the effect of the presence of signal mimicry on the survival of a Model species in a "novel world" experiment, with wild-caught great tits (Parus major) as predators. We found that the net effect of mimicry was mutualistic, with co-mimics showing increased survivorship through shared predator learning. Visually distinct prey showed a mortality benefit from coexistence even without signal mimicry as a result of a density-dependent dilution effect. Perfect mimicry provided an added benefit of enhanced predator avoidance learning, and our results suggest that the benefits of shared warning signals may be even stronger than Muller originally proposed.