Why viruses sometimes disperse in groups
Why viruses sometimes disperse in groups
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DOI：
10.1093/ve/vez014
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发表时间：
2019-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Thoulouze, Maria-Isabel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sanjuan, Rafael;Thoulouze, Maria-Isabel
许多生物体以群体形式分散，但这一过程在病毒中尚未得到充分研究。然而，最近的工作发现了不同类型的集体感染单位，所有这些单位都会导致多个病毒基因组副本联合传递到目标细胞，有利于共同感染。病毒的集体传播可以通过多种不同的机制发生，包括由特定细胞外成分驱动的病毒颗粒聚集、隐藏在脂质囊泡内、包裹在蛋白质基质中或与细胞表面结合。细胞间的病毒传播允许单个病毒颗粒在有限的环境中传播，是集群病毒传播的另一种模式。然而，在大多数情况下，人们对分散在群体中的选择性优势仍然知之甚少。集体传播可能已成为共享有效病毒传播工具的一种手段。或者，增加感染的细胞复数可能会给病毒带来某些短期好处，例如压倒性的抗病毒反应，避免启动感染所需的病毒成分的早期随机损失，或补充不同病毒基因组中存在的遗传缺陷。然而，感染多重性的增加也可能带来长期成本，例如突变积累和有缺陷的颗粒或其他类型的作弊病毒的进化。反过来，这些成本和收益应该取决于集体感染单位成员之间的遗传相关性。建立集体病毒传播的遗传基础并进行对照实验以查明不同空间和时间尺度的适应度影响应该有助于我们阐明这些传播模式对病毒适应度、致病性和进化的影响。
Many organisms disperse in groups, yet this process is understudied in viruses. Recent work, however, has uncovered different types of collective infectious units, all of which lead to the joint delivery of multiple viral genome copies to target cells, favoring co-infections. Collective spread of viruses can occur through widely different mechanisms, including virion aggregation driven by specific extracellular components, cloaking inside lipid vesicles, encasement in protein matrices, or binding to cell surfaces. Cell-to-cell viral spread, which allows the transmission of individual virions in a confined environment, is yet another mode of clustered virus dissemination. Nevertheless, the selective advantages of dispersing in groups remain poorly understood in most cases. Collective dispersal might have emerged as a means of sharing efficacious viral transmission vehicles. Alternatively, increasing the cellular multiplicity of infection may confer certain short-term benefits to viruses, such as overwhelming antiviral responses, avoiding early stochastic loss of viral components required for initiating infection, or complementing genetic defects present in different viral genomes. However, increasing infection multiplicity may also entail long-term costs, such as mutation accumulation and the evolution of defective particles or other types of cheater viruses. These costs and benefits, in turn, should depend on the genetic relatedness among collective infectious unit members. Establishing the genetic basis of collective viral dispersal and performing controlled experiments to pinpoint fitness effects at different spatial and temporal scales should help us clarify the implications of these spread modes for viral fitness, pathogenicity, and evolution.