Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins, Maturation Indices, and Kinetics of Oil and Gas Generation
Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins, Maturation Indices, and Kinetics of Oil and Gas Generation
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DOI：
10.1306/703c80e7-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d
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发表时间：
1987-12
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
B. Tissot;R. Pelet;P. Ungerer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Tissot;R. Pelet;P. Ungerer
温度是烃类生成过程中最敏感的参数。因此，在评估石油勘探前景时，温度历史的重建至关重要。没有可测量的参数能够直接转换为古温度。诸如镜质体反射率、岩石热解分析中的Tmax、孢子颜色、热变指数（TAI）或生物标志物浓度等成熟度指标提供了一种间接方法。所有这些指标都是通过相当复杂的动力学与热历史相关的函数，且常常受到有机质类型的影响。对它们的意义和有效性进行了综述。除了鉴定（例如镜质体）和实验室间校准的问题外，同时解释干酪根类型和成熟度以及避免从一个指标到另一个指标的困难转换也很重要。将构造历史和热历史联系起来的地球动力学模型是温度重建的另一种方法，它可以根据当前的温度分布和成熟度指标的当前值进行校准。干酪根分解的动力学控制着生成的烃类的数量和组成。最初由洛帕廷提出的经验性时间 - 温度指数（TTI）不允许进行这样的定量评估。由于存在一些局限性（没有考虑不同类型的干酪根和不同的反应速率，在镜质体反射率上校准不佳），除非无法使用台式计算机，否则它的用途有限。基于对实际源岩样品进行特定校准的动力学模型能够模拟所有类型有机质的演化，并能够对生成的石油和天然气进行定量评估。来自巴黎盆地的侏罗系源岩、加利福尼亚的蒙特雷组、犹他州的绿河页岩、阿尔及利亚撒哈拉的古生代源岩以及印度尼西亚马哈坎三角洲的中新世岩石的实例说明了讨论的各个方面。地质/地球化学模型是整合地质、地震和地球化学数据的最有效方法，它们应该极大地有助于降低勘探风险。
Temperature is the most sensitive parameter in hydrocarbon generation. Thus, reconstruction of temperature history is essential when evaluating petroleum prospects. No measurable parameter can be directly converted to paleotemperature. Maturation indices such as vitrinite reflectance, Tmax from Rock-Eval pyrolysis, spore coloration, Thermal Alteration Index (TAI), or concentration of biological markers offer an indirect approach. All these indices are a function of the thermal history through rather complex kinetics, frequently influenced by the type of organic matter. Their significance and validity are reviewed. Besides the problems of identification (e.g., vitrinite) and interlaboratory calibration, it is important to simultaneously interpret kerogen type and maturation and to avoid difficult conversions from one index to another. Geodynamic models, where structural and thermal histories are connected, are another approach to temper ture reconstruction which could be calibrated against the present distribution of temperature and the present value of maturation indices. Kinetics of kerogen decomposition controls the amount and composition of hydrocarbons generated. An empirical time-temperature index (TTI), originally introduced by Lopatin, does not allow such a quantitative evaluation. Due to several limitations (no provision for different types of kerogen and different rates of reactions, poor calibration on vitrinite reflectance), it is of limited interest unless one has no access to a desk-top computer. Kinetic models, based on a specific calibration made on actual source rock samples, can simulate the evolution of all types of organic matter and can provide a quantitative evaluation of oil and gas generated. Examples from the Jurassic source rocks of the Paris basin, Monterey Formation of California, Green River shales of Utah, Paleozoic source eds of the Algerian Sahara, and Miocene rocks of the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia, illustrate various aspects of the discussion. Geological/geochemical models are the most efficient way to integrate geological, seismic, and geochemical data, and they should greatly help to reduce the risk in exploration.