Active measures: the secret history of disinformation and political warfare
Active measures: the secret history of disinformation and political warfare
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积极措施：虚假信息和政治战争的秘密历史
DOI：
10.1093/ia/iiaa211
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
James P. Sullivan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
James P. Sullivan
Rid将当今虚假信息和积极信息运动的现实置于历史背景中。他对从20世纪20年代到现在的四波虚假信息的回顾提供了三个关键的教训-和一个重大的遗漏。这本513页的书暗示了第一个教训，那就是今天发生的一切都不是新的。从报纸到深度造假的技术发展，长期以来一直被用来创造对参与者具有战略意义的现实版本。正是在这里，里德的叙事力量闪耀，详细描述了近100年来复杂的积极措施。这些行动开始于“恐怖行动”，由“钢铁”费利克斯·捷尔任斯基领导契卡（布尔什维克安全机构）针对白色俄罗斯人的行动，并逐渐发展成为一个储备丰富的战术工具箱，至今仍在使用。目前关于选举干预和影响企图的头条新闻特别有着丰富的历史。Rid带读者全面参观了部署在东德国和西德国的许多积极措施。这些文件详细描述了中央情报局在1957年德国选举期间利用战斗群发送带有政治传单的气球，以及斯塔西的X部门及其通过贿赂和勒索成功确保德国总理威利·勃兰特的生存的努力。其中最重要的，不幸的是永恒的，工具是足够接近一个渴望的真理，旨在推动楔子到已经存在的裂缝在一个社会。从克格勃伪造的三K党传单在1960年联合国关于殖民主义的辩论之前分发给非洲和亚洲代表团，到丹佛行动，俄罗斯努力创造论坛，以推动艾滋病/艾滋病毒在马里兰州的德特里克堡发展的虚构。第二个教训是，虚假信息不是为了创造新的事实，而是为了摧毁事实本身存在的想法。里德注意到存在两种形式的真理。第一种是积极的和分析性的，有事实、数据或
Rid puts the present-day reality of disinformation and active information campaigns into historical context. His encyclopaedic review of four waves of disinformation from the 1920s to the present offers three key lessons––and one significant omission. The book’s length at 513 pages hints at the first lesson, which is that none of what is happening today is new. Technological developments, from newspapers to deep fakes, have long been leveraged to create the version of reality that is strategic for the players involved. It is here that Rid’s narrative strength shines, with detailed accounts of complex active measures across almost 100 years. These begin with Operatsiya Trest, with ‘Iron’Felix Dzerzhinsky leading Cheka (the Bolshevik security agency) efforts targeting White Russians, and grows to catalogue a well-stocked tool chest of tactics that remain in use to the present day. Current headlines regarding election interference and influence attempts in particular have a rich history. Rid takes readers on a comprehensive tour of many active measures deployed across both East and West Germany. These detail the CIA’s use of the Kampfgruppe to send balloons with political leaflets during East Germany’s 1957 elections, and the Stasi’s Department X and its successful efforts to ensure the survival of Willy Brandt, prime minister of West Germany, through bribery and blackmail. Among the most important, and unfortunately timeless, tools were forgeries close enough to a desired truth, designed to drive wedges into already existing fractures within a society. These ranged from KGB-forged Ku Klux Klan leaflets distributed to African and Asian delegations prior to a UN debate on colonialism in 1960 to Operation Denver, a Russian effort to create forgeries to advance the fiction that AIDS/HIV was developed at Fort Detrick, Maryland. The second lesson is that disinformation is designed not to create new facts, but rather to destroy the idea of the existence of fact itself. Rid notes the existence of two forms of truth. The first is positive and analytical, supported by facts, data or