The chemical diversity of RNA modifications.
The chemical diversity of RNA modifications.
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DOI：
10.1042/bcj20180445
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发表时间：
2019-04-26
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Liu, Kathy Fange
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ontiveros, R. Jordan;Stoute, Julian;Liu, Kathy Fange
DNA和RNA中的核酸修饰普遍存在于生命的所有三个王国中。该性状显著地扩大了基因组多样性，并且作为基因转录调控的重要手段起作用。虽然哺乳动物系统具有有限类型的DNA修饰，但已经鉴定了超过150种不同的RNA修饰类型，具有多种化学修饰。大多数修饰发生在转运RNA和核糖体RNA上，然而许多修饰也发生在其他类型的RNA物种上，包括哺乳动物mRNA和小核RNA，它们对许多生物学作用至关重要，包括发育过程和干细胞分化。这些转录后修饰分别由writer和eraser蛋白以位点特异性方式酶促安装和移除，而reader蛋白可以解释修饰并将信号翻译为下游功能。mRNA修饰的失调表现为疾病状态，包括多种类型的人类癌症。本文将介绍这些修饰在编码和非编码RNA中的化学特征和生物学功能。
Nucleic acid modifications in DNA and RNA ubiquitously exist among all the three kingdoms of life. This trait significantly broadens the genome diversity and works as an important means of gene transcription regulation. Although mammalian systems have limited types of DNA modifications, over 150 different RNA modification types have been identified, with a wide variety of chemical diversities. Most modifications occur on transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA, however many of the modifications also occur on other types of RNA species including mammalian mRNA and small nuclear RNA, where they are essential for many biological roles, including developmental processes and stem cell differentiation. These post-transcriptional modifications are enzymatically installed and removed in a site-specific manner by writer and eraser proteins respectively, while reader proteins can interpret modifications and transduce the signal for downstream functions. Dysregulation of mRNA modifications manifests as disease states, including multiple types of human cancer. In this review, we will introduce the chemical features and biological functions of these modifications in the coding and non-coding RNA species.