Do friends help each other? Patterns of female coalition formation in wild bonobos at Wamba
Do friends help each other? Patterns of female coalition formation in wild bonobos at Wamba
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DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.06.021
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发表时间：
2016-09
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Nahoko Tokuyama;T. Furuichi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Nahoko Tokuyama;T. Furuichi
雌性动物之间的联合攻击模式通常可以用亲缘选择理论来解释。频繁的雌性联盟几乎只出现在雌性亲亲物种中，其中雌性留在其出生群体中，并且雌性通常与其亲属形成联盟。相比之下，倭黑猩猩（Pan paniscus）是雄性亲亲动物，雌性倭黑猩猩在青春期会迁移到新的群体，但雌性倭黑猩猩经常结成联盟，即使它们通常与非亲属在一起。在这里，我们调查了刚果民主共和国万巴一群野生倭黑猩猩的雌性联盟模式，以探索雌性之间合作的亲缘选择的替代机制。我们发现，所有女性联盟（定义为两名或两名以上女性参与的联盟）都是为了攻击男性而组建的，通常是在男性对一名或多名女性表现出攻击性之后。没有证据表明雌性倭黑猩猩通过接近、梳理毛发或生殖器摩擦（GG-rubbing）来发展联盟伙伴关系，尽管较高的关联度为雌性倭黑猩猩提供了更多形成联盟的机会。我们发现了一种单向模式，即老年女性支持年轻女性，而不是相互的竞争支持。雌性在结成联盟时比单独对抗雄性时更容易击败雄性。与其他物种中利用联盟来应对雌性之间竞争的雌性联盟不同，我们的研究结果表明，雌性倭黑猩猩的联盟可能是作为针对雄性骚扰的反策略而进化的。女性选择联盟伙伴的依据可能不是亲缘关系或互惠，而是互利共生。与亲和行为导致联盟形成的假设相反，联盟实际上可能会增加女性之间的群居性，导致女性发展出促进宽容的亲和互动。
Patterns of coalitionary aggression among female animals are generally explained by kin selection theory. Frequent female coalitions are almost exclusively observed in female-philopatric species, where females stay in their natal group, and females typically form coalitions with their kin. Bonobos,Pan paniscus, in contrast, are male-philopatric, with females emigrating to new groups at adolescence, but female bonobos frequently form coalitions even though they are generally with nonrelatives. Here we investigated the patterns of female coalitions in a group of wild bonobos at Wamba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in order to explore alternative mechanisms to kin selection for cooperation among females. We found that all female coalitions (defined as coalitions in which two or more females participated) were formed to attack males, usually after the male(s) behaved aggressively towards one or more females. There was no evidence that female bonobos used proximity, grooming or genito-genital rubbing (GG-rubbing) to develop coalition partnerships, although higher association provided females with more opportunity to form coalitions. Instead of reciprocal agonistic support, we found a unidirectional pattern in which older females supported younger females. Females defeated males more easily when they formed coalitions than when they confronted males alone. Unlike female coalitions in other species that use coalitions to cope with competition among females, our results suggest that coalitions in female bonobos might have evolved as a counterstrategy against male harassment. Females might choose their coalition partners based not on affiliative relationship or reciprocity but on mutualism. In contrast to the hypothesis that affiliative behaviour leads to coalition formation, coalitions might in fact increase gregariousness among females, leading females to develop affiliative interactions that promote tolerance.