Some factors relating to the larval growth of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on artificial diets
Some factors relating to the larval growth of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on artificial diets
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人工饲料中与科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫 Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say（鞘翅目：叶甲科）幼虫生长有关的一些因素
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发表时间：
1969
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通讯作者：
S. Wardojo
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作者：
S. Wardojo
简要叙述了植食性昆虫人工饲料的发展历史。讨论了有关术语的一些概念（第三章）。开发了科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫（Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say）幼虫的人工饲料，并揭示了决定幼虫摄食和生长速度的一些因素。比较了不同日粮连续饲养4龄幼虫的取食和生长反应（第4章）。从连续龄期幼虫摄食活动的增加来看，随着幼虫年龄的增长，对饮食的耐受性似乎有所提高。此外，我们注意到，由于处于早期阶段，幼虫能够更好地完成他们的饮食发育。由于上述现象，三龄幼虫的日粮以各种物质对幼虫生长影响的试验结果为依据（第5章）。试验物质的性质以及膳食成分的浓度比似乎是最关键的因素。鉴于饲养和生长的理化要求，必须在日粮中加入大分子物质。用目前配制的最佳3龄饲料饲养1龄幼虫，只能达到3龄。在高压灭菌饲料上对新孵化的幼虫进行非无菌饲养，结果表明，尽管饲料的适口性保持不变，但经过热处理后，饲料的营养价值显著增加（第6章，第6.5节）。然而，需要进一步的实验来确定引起高压灭菌这种积极作用的因素。在许多情况下，在随后的实验中，50%或更多的个体从孵化时起就在高压灭菌饮食中饲养，达到了成熟。马铃薯叶粉的添加对饲养有促进作用；然而，它对增长没有影响。在日粮中添加10%的新鲜马铃薯叶，增加了采食活性，提高了生长速度。然而，在饲粮中添加或不添加寄主植物的原料两代后，生长停止。目前的研究表明，抗坏血酸是幼虫生长所必需的。商业β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、胆固醇和麦角甾醇被证明是同样有效的甾醇来源。研究营养需求的无菌饲养技术也得到了发展，但结果并不令人满意。通过高压灭菌提高了饲料质量，使得在非无菌条件下大量饲养幼虫成为可能。在一般性讨论中（第7章）得出的结论是，原则上科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫可以在人工饲料中饲养，而不需要添加来自寄主植物的特定物质。本研究的结果支持了一般观点，即对植食昆虫的营养需求在质量上或多或少相似，但在数量上物种之间存在很大差异。
A brief account of the history of the development of artificial diets for phytophagous insects is given. Some conceptions with regard to terminology are discussed (chapter 3). Artificial diets for the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, were developed and in addition some factors determining the feeding and rate of growth of the larvae have been brought to light. Larvae of the four consecutive instars reared on a diet were compared concerning their feeding and growth response (chapter 4). From the increased feeding activity of the larvae of the successive instars it appeared that an advance in tolerance towards the diet was observed as the larvae grew older. In addition it was noticed that as being in an advanced instar, the larvae were better able to accomplish their development on the diet. Because of the above mentioned phenomenon diets for the third instar larvae were based on the results of tests on the effects of various substances on larval growth (chapter 5). The nature of the substances tested as well as the concentration ratios of the dietary constituents appeared to be the most critical factors. Macro-molecular substances had to be included in the diet in view of the physico-chemical requirements for feeding and growth. First instar larvae reared on the best diets formulated so far for the third instar, could only attain the third instar. Non-aseptic rearing of newly hatched larvae on an autoclaved diet revealed that although palatability remained unchanged, the nutritive value of the diet was increased remarkably by heat treatment (chapter 6, section 6.5). Further experiments, however, are required to determine the factors causing this positive effect of autoclaving. In many cases during subsequent experiments 50 % or more of the individuals reared on an autoclaved diet from the time of hatching attained maturity. Addition of potato leaf powder appeared to promote feeding; however, it has no effect on growth. Inclusion of fresh potato leaves in the diet at a level of 10 % led to an increased feeding activity as well as an improved growth rate. However, growth ceased after two generations on diets with or without crude material from the host plant. In the present study it has been shown that ascorbic acid is required for larval growth. Commercial β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, cholesterol and ergosterol proved to be equally effective as sterol sources. An aseptic rearing technique for studies of the nutritional requirements was also developed, however, without satisfactory results. The improved quality of the diet by means of autoclaving enabled a mass rearing of larvae under non-aseptic conditions. In the general discussion (chapter 7) it was concluded that in principle the Colorado potato beetle could be reared on an artificial diet without addition of specific substances from the host plant. The results of the present study support the general opinion that the nutritional requirements for phytophagous insects are qualitatively more or less similar, but differ to a great extent quantitatively between species.