ORIENTING AND DEFENSIVE REACTIONS TO PHOBIC AND CONDITIONED FEAR STIMULI IN PHOBICS AND NORMALS
ORIENTING AND DEFENSIVE REACTIONS TO PHOBIC AND CONDITIONED FEAR STIMULI IN PHOBICS AND NORMALS
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02480.x
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发表时间：
1981-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
FREDRIKSON, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
FREDRIKSON, M
研究人员将受到恐惧相关刺激的受试者的心血管和皮肤电反应与选择害怕相同刺激的恐惧症患者的反应进行了比较。在条件作用组的第一次会议上，展示了蛇或蜘蛛的幻灯片。其中一种是CS+[条件刺激]，再辅以电击，另一种是CS-，之后从不进行电击。另外，条件反射组还观看2张中性图片。恐惧组观看相同类型的刺激，并给予一些与载玻片无关的电击。在第二阶段，每组随机分成两半，向他们展示蜘蛛和蛇的幻灯片，或者两张中立的幻灯片。在调节组有可靠的习得效应，CS+引起手掌比背侧皮肤电导反应（SCR）大；CS-的情况正好相反。在灭绝过程中，CS+和CS-的分化仍然存在，但掌背分化消失。在恐惧组中，恐惧和非恐惧线索引起了不同的反应，只有恐惧线索引起了更大的手掌SCR。当所有心率反应（HRR）被分解成一个单一的试验块（TB）时，条件反射组在获取过程中未能证明心率分化。当HRR组分为2个TBS时，反应从TB1的减速到CS+转变为TB2的加速，而CS-的反应不受影响。在灭绝过程中，HR对两种信号均表现出减速，但对CS+的减速大于对CS-的减速。在两个实验中，恐惧组的心率在恐惧提示时加速，在无恐惧提示时减慢。在第二阶段，各组对中性线索的反应没有差异。结果部分验证了特定恐惧症的条件反射模拟，并从不同应对策略的角度讨论了不一致的方面。
Cardiovascular and electrodermal responses from subjects conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli were compared with responses from phobics selected to fear the same stimuli. In the 1st session of the conditioning group slides of either a snake or a spider were presented. One of these served as a CS+ [conditioned stimulus] reinforced by an electrical shock and the other as CS-, which was never followed by shock. In addition the conditioning group was exposed to 2 neutral pictures. The phobic group viewed the same type of stimuli and were administered some electrical shocks uncorrelated with the slides. In the 2nd session, randomly formed halves of each group were shown slides of a spider and a snake, or 2 neutral ones. There were reliable acquisition effects in the conditioning group with the CS+ evoking larger palmar than dorsal skin conductance responses (SCR); the reverse was true for the CS-. During extinction differential responding to CS+ and CS- was maintained but palmar/dorsal differentiation disappeared. In the phobic group, feared and non-feared cues elicited differential responding with larger palmar SCR for the feared cue only. The conditioning group failed to evidence heart rate differentiation during acquisition when all heart rate responses (HRR) were collapsed into a single trial block (TB). When HRR were grouped into 2 TBS, responses shifted from deceleration to CS+ on TB1 to acceleration on TB2 whereas responses to CS- were unaffected. During extinction, HR exhibited deceleration to both cues but more to CS+ than to CS-. The phobic group''s heart rate accelerated to the feared cue and decelerated to the unfeared cues in both sessions. There was no difference between groups'' responses to neutral cues during the 2nd session. The results partially validate a conditioning analog for specific phobias and the inconsistent aspects are discussed in terms of different coping strategies.