Smoking patterns and dependence: Contrasting chippers and heavy smokers
Smoking patterns and dependence: Contrasting chippers and heavy smokers
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DOI：
10.1037/0021-843x.115.3.509
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发表时间：
2006-08-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Paty, Jean
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shiffman, Saul;Paty, Jean
作者利用生态瞬时评估将烟民 (CHs；n = 26)（尽管明显不存在烟草依赖但仍吸烟的吸烟者）与重度吸烟者 (HSs；n = 28) 的吸烟模式进行了对比。通过电子日记评估吸烟和非吸烟环境（活动、情绪等）。 CH 不是社交吸烟者；和 HS 一样，他们独自一人时吸了一半的香烟。吸烟时，CH 的冲动水平与 HS 相同；在吸烟期间，CH 几乎没有什么冲动，而 HS 报告有中等冲动。 CH 吸烟与放纵活动尤其相关：放松、社交、饮食和饮酒。在这些放纵的环境之外，CH（而非 HS）吸烟与负面情绪相关。在具体分析中，CH 的吸烟受到比 HS 更强的刺激控制。作者提出，对使用的刺激控制的消失是依赖的一个特征。
The authors used ecological momentary assessment to contrast smoking patterns among chippers (CHs; n = 26)-smokers who smoke despite an apparent absence of tobacco dependence-with those seen in heavy smokers (HSs; n = 28). Smoking and nonsmoking settings (activity, mood, etc.) were assessed by means of electronic diary. CHs were not social smokers; like HSs, they smoked half their cigarettes while alone. When smoking, CHs' urge levels equaled those of HSs; between cigarettes, CHs had few urges, whereas HSs reported moderate urges. CHs' smoking was particularly associated with indulgent activities: relaxation, socializing, eating, and drinking alcohol. Outside of these indulgent settings, CHs' (but not HSs') smoking was associated with negative affect. In idiographic analyses, CHs' smoking was under much stronger stimulus control than was that of HSs. The authors propose that the disappearance of stimulus control over use is a characteristic of dependence.