Synchrotron Radiation: Techniques and Applications
Synchrotron Radiation: Techniques and Applications
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发表时间:
1979
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影响因子:
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通讯作者:
C. Kunz;K. Codling
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文献类型:
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作者:
C. Kunz;K. Codling
1. Introduction - Properties of Synchrotron Radiation.- 1.1 Historical Development.- 1.2 Quantitative Properties.- 1.2.1 Equations for Ideal Orbits.- 1.2.2 Considerations for Real Orbits.- a) Coherence.- b) Periodic Wigglers.- c) Synchrotron Accelerators.- d) Beam Cross Section and Divergency.- 1.2.3 Time Structure.- 1.3 Comparison with other Sources.- 1.3.1 Infrared and Visible Range.- 1.3.2 Vacuum Ultraviolet Range.- 1.3.3 X-rays.- 1.4 Acknowledgments.- References.- 2. The Synchrotron Radiation Source.- 2.1 Fundamental Concepts.- 2.1.1 Orbit Dynamics.- a) Betatron Oscillations.- b) Betatron Oscillations of Off-energy Particles.- c) Phase Focusing and Synchrotron Oscillations.- 2.1.2 Radiation Damping.- 2.1.3 Beam Lifetime.- 2.1.4 Beam Cross Section.- 2.2 Design Considerations.- 2.2.1 Magnetic Field and Energy.- 2.2.2 Lattice.- 2.2.3 Injector.- 2.2.4 Accelerating System.- 2.2.5 Energy Shifter Wigglers.- 2.2.6 Multipole Wigglers (Undulator).- 2.3. Design Examples.- 2.3.1 Aladdin.- a) Lattice.- b) Vacuum System.- c) Accelerating System.- d) Injector.- e) Computer Control.- 2.3.2 The National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS).- References.- 3. Instrumentation for Spectroscopy and other Applications.- 3.1 Layout and Operation of Laboratories.- 3.1.1 VUV Laboratory at a Small Storage Ring.- 3.1.2 VUV and X-Ray Laboratory at a Large Storage Ring.- 3.1.3 Beam Line Optics.- a) General Considerations.- b) The Phase Space Method.- c) Magic Mirrors.- 3.2 Optical Components.- 3.2.1 Mirrors and Reflective Coatings.- a) General Remarks.- b) Reflectivity in the Vacuum Ultraviolett.- c) Coating Materials and Multilayer Coatings.- d)Sattering and Stray Light.- e) Mirror Substrate Materials.- f) Imaging in VUV.- 3.2.2 Dispersive Elements.- a) Reflection Grating Dispersors.- b) Spherical Concave Gratings.- c) Aspherical Concave Gratings.- d) Efficiency and Blaze.- e) Holographic Gratings.- f) Zone Plates and Transmission Gratings.- g) Crystals for Monochromators.- 3.2.3 Filters and Polarizers.- a) Filters and higher Order Problems.- b) Polarizers.- 3.3 VUV Monochromators.- 3.3.1 General Considerations.- 3.3.2 Normal Incidence Monochromators.- 3.3.3 Grazing Incidence Monochromators.- a) Plane Grating Monochromators.- b) Rowland Mountings.- c) Non-Rowland Monochromators.- 3.3.4 New Concepts.- 3.4 X-Ray Monochromators.- 3.4.1 Plane Crystal Instruments.- 3.4.2 Higher Order Rejection.- 3.4.3 Bent Crystal Monochromators.- 3.5 Photon Detectors.- 3.5.1 Detectors for the Vacuum Ultraviolet.- 3.5.2 X-Ray Detectors.- 3.6 Typical Experimental Arrangements.- 3.6.1 Experiments in the Vacuum Ultraviolet.- a) Absorption Reflection, Ellipsometry.- b) Luminescence, Fluorescence.- c) Photoionisation, Fotofragmentation.- d) Photoemission.- e) Radiometry.- f) Microscopy.- 3.6.2 Experiments in the X-Ray Range.- a) Single Crystal Diffraction.- b) Small Angle Diffraction.- c) Small Angle Scattering.- d) Mossbauer Scattering.- e) Energy Dispersive Diffraction.- f) Interferometry.- g) Absorption (EXAFS).- h) Topography.- i) Standing wave excited Fluorescence.- j) Fluorescence Excitation.- k) Compton Scattering.- 1) Resonant Raman Scattering.- m) Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).- 3.7 Acknowledgements.- References.- 4. Theoretical Aspects of Inner-Level Spectroscopy.- 4. 1. Basic Concepts and Relations in Radiative Processes.- 4.1.1 Polarizability and Dielectric Function.- a) Self-consistent field Method.- b) Direct Method for Longitudinal Part.- 4.1.2 Absorption Coefficient and Oscillator Strength.- 4.1.3 Dispersion Relations and Sum Rules.- 4.2 Distribution of Oscillator Strength.- 4.2.1 Absorption Spectra in Atoms.- 4.2.2 A Unified Picture for Spectra in Atoms, Molecules and Solids.- a) Cancellation of Oscillator Strength, Giant and Subgiant Bands.- b) Pseudo Potential and Energy Band Effect.- c) Effect of Coulomb Attraction.- 4.2.3 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS).- 4.3 Electron-Hole Interactions.- 4.3.1 General Treatment of Excitons.- 4.3.2 Wannier and Frenkel Excitons.- a) Wannier Exciton.- b) Frenkel Exciton.- 4.3.3 Optical Absorption Spectra.- a) First Class Transition.- b) Second Class Transition.- 4.3.4 Effects of Spin and Orbital Degeneracies.- 4.4 Configuration Interactions.- 4.4.1 Aulger Process.- 4.4.2 Fano Effect.- 4.5 Simultaneous Excitations and Relaxations.- 4.5.1 Localized Excitation and Relaxation in Deformable Lattice.- 4.5.2 Host Excitation in Deformable Medium.- a) Slow Modulation Limit.- b) Rapid Modulation Limit.- 4.5.3 Sideband Structures.- 4.5.4 Relaxation in Exciton-Phonon Systems.- 4.6 Many Body Effects in Metals.- 4.6.1 Friedel Sum Rule and Anderson Orthogonality Theorem.- 4.6.2 Infrared Divergence.- 4.6.3 Fermi Edge Singularity.- 4.7 Final State Interactions Associated with Incomplete Shells.- 4.7.1 Multipiet Splitting.- 4.7.2 Local Versus Band Pictures.- 4.7.3 Correlation Effects in Narrow d-Band.- 4.8 Inelastic X-Ray Scattering.- 4.8.1 Compton and Raman Scattering.- 4.8.2 Resonant Raman Scattering.- 4.9. Topics of Recent and Future Interest.- References.- 5. Atomic Spectroscopy.- 5.1. Atomic Photoabsorption Spectroscopy in the Extreme Ultraviolet.- 5.2 The Basic Experiments in Photoabsorption Spectroscopy.- 5.2.1 Photoabsorption Spectroscopy.- 5.2.2 Photoelectron Spectroscopy.- 5.2.3 Mass Spectrometry.- 5.2.4 Fluorescence.- 5.3 Limitations of Photon Absorption Experiments.- 5.4 The General Theoretical Framework.- 5.5 Experimental Results.- 5.5.1 Photoabsorption Spectroscopy.- a) Discrete Resonances.- b) Gross Features.- 5.5.2 Photoelectron Spectroscopy.- a) Partial Photoionisation Cross Sections.- b) Angular Distributions of Photoelectrons.- 5.5.3 Mass Spectrometry.- 5.6 Future Work.- References.- 6. Molecular Spectroscopy.- 6.1 Concepts.- 6.2 Absorption Spectroscopy.- 6.2.1 Valence Spectra of Simple Di- and Tri-Atomic Molecules.- 6.2.2 Valence and Rydberg Excitations in N2.- 6.2.3 Rydberg Series in the Valence Absorption Spectrum of H2O and D2O.- 6.2.4 Core-Spectra of Simple Di-Atomic and Tri-Atomic Molecules.- a) N2.- b) NO.- 6.2.5 d-Spectra of Se2, Te2 and I2.- a) Se2.- b) Te2.- c) I2.- 6.2.6 Alkali Halides.- a) Li ls-absorption in LiF.- b) Cs-halides.- 6.2.7 Xenon Fluorides.- 6.2.8 Inner-well Resonances.- 6.2.9 EXAFS.- 6.2.10 Valence Shell Spectra of Organic Compounds.- a) Saturated Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Neopentane.- b) Molecules with bonding o- and -?-orbitals.- 6.2.11 Core Spectra of Organic Compounds.- 6.3 Photoelectron Spectroscopy.- 6.3.1 Intensities of Photoelectron Spectra and Partial Photoionization Cross Sections.- 6.3.2 Photoionization Resonance Spectroscopy and Coincidence Measurements.- 6.4 Fluorescence.- 6.4.1 Fluorescence- and Excitation-Spectra.- 6.4.2 Time resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 6.5 Mass-Spectrometry.- 6.6. Acknowledgments.- 6.7. Appendix.- References.- 7. Solid-State Spectroscopy.- 7.1 Quantitative Description of Optical Properties.- 7.1.1 Macroscopic Optical Properties.- 7.1.2 Microscopic Description.- 7.1.3 Modulation Spectroscopy.- 7.1.4 Summary.- 7.2 Metals and Alloys.- 7.2.1 Vacuum Ultraviolet.- a) Simple Metals.- b) Noble Metals.- c) Transition Metals.- d) Rare Earths.- 7.2.2 Soft X-Ray.- a) Simple Metals.- b) Transition Metals.- c) Rare Earths.- 7.2.3 Summary.- 7.3 Semi conductors.- 7.3.1 Vacuum Ultraviolet.- a) II-VI Compounds.- b) Pb-Chalcogenides.- c) Other Semiconductors.- 7.3.2 Soft X-ray.- 7.3.3 Summary.- 7.4 Insulators.- 7.4.1 Rare Gas Solids.- 7.4.2 Alkali Hal ides.- 7.4.3 Other Metal Hal ides.- 7.4.4 Other Inorganic Insulators.- 7.4.5 Organic Insulators.- 7.4.6 Summary.- References.- Additional References with Titles.