Are seeds of trees with higher fruit production dispersed farther by frugivorous mammals?
Are seeds of trees with higher fruit production dispersed farther by frugivorous mammals?
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DOI：
10.1080/13416979.2022.2120073
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发表时间：
2022-09-15
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Yamazaki, Koji
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Koike, Shinsuke;Tochigi, Kahoko;Yamazaki, Koji
以往的研究已经通过多种方法估计了种子扩散距离的分布。但除了直接观察外，这些方法不能明确每个散布器散布的种子的绝对数量。如果不能计算绝对扩散体积，就无法定量评估每种扩散剂的贡献。为了解决这个问题，我们估计和比较的数量和距离的种子传播哺乳动物种子传播。我们专注于Ceramilleveilleana的果实和五种食果哺乳动物的饲料，日本中部。我们跟踪了每个物种的野生个体和圈养个体的种子肠道保留时间。通过观察野生C.对2年的leveilleana树，我们计算了每个物种的果实产量，访问频率和每次访问的果实数量。哺乳动物物种在体型和觅食行为上有很大的不同，因此它们产生的种子传播模式也有很大的不同：不仅在传播距离上，特别是长距离，而且在传播的种子数量上。特别是，总的种子去除和长距离传播往往是更大的水果产量更大，他们受到强烈的影响，偶尔来访的熊。因此，了解种子传播的相对功能的重要性，需要直接比较它们在种子传播的有效性。由于果实产量的年际变化，不同年份之间的种子传播动物区系存在很大差异，这表明需要对多年来果实产量不同的许多树木进行观测，以澄清果树和种子传播动物之间的相互作用。
Previous studies have estimated distributions of seed dispersal distance by a variety of methods. But apart from direct observation, these methods cannot clarify the absolute numbers of seeds dispersed by each disperser. Without the ability to calculate absolute spreading volumes, each dispersers' contribution cannot be quantitatively evaluated. To resolve this problem, we estimated and compared quantities and distances of seed dispersal by mammalian seed dispersers. We focused on the fruits of Cerasus leveilleana and five species of frugivorous mammals that forage on it, central Japan. We tracked wild individuals of each species and gut retention times of seeds in captive individuals. By observing wild C. leveilleana trees for 2 years, we calculated fruit production, visitation frequency, and numbers of fruits removed per visit by each species. The mammal species differed greatly in body size and foraging behavior, and thus in the seed dispersal patterns that they generated: not only in dispersal distance, especially long distance, but also in the number of seeds removed. In particular, total seed removal and long-distance dispersal tended to be greater when fruit production was greater, and they were strongly affected by occasional visitation by bears. Therefore, understanding the relative functional importance of seed dispersers requires direct comparison of their effectiveness at seed dispersal. Large differences in the seed disperser fauna between years due to interannual variation in fruit production suggest that observations of many trees with different amounts of fruit production over multiple years are needed to clarify how fruiting trees and seed dispersers interact.