The Anatomy of Hearing and Balance Disorders and their Treatment: Welcome to a Brave New World
The Anatomy of Hearing and Balance Disorders and their Treatment: Welcome to a Brave New World
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听力和平衡障碍的解剖及其治疗：欢迎来到美丽新世界
DOI：
10.1002/ar.22596
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Laitman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Laitman
杰弗里·T·莱特曼*解剖学和功能形态中心，纽约西奈山医学院1007号信箱，邮编10029如果纽约市是我们身体的一部分，你认为这座城市会是什么样子(注意，我是土生土长的纽约人，我有认识人的朋友...)？虽然有些人可能会说大脑皮层(因为显而易见的原因)或心脏(同上)或喉部(众所周知，我们中的一些人说了很多话)，但我会投票给颞骨。对于那些世界并没有远远超出分子水平的人(可怜的灵魂！)，让我给你们一点背景。人类的颞骨位于头骨的侧面和底部。它的名字“时间”源于拉丁语中的“时间”的意思。有一种观点认为，头部一侧的骨头被称为扁平或鳞片部分，是人们第一次看到时间流逝的地方(也就是我们开始变白的地方)。虽然我们的头部侧面可能会让酒吧老板等人着迷，但这种骨头真正诱人的部分主要在头骨的底部，被称为颞骨或岩骨的“岩石”部分(从希腊语中，Petra的意思是“岩石”)。它确实是“坚如磐石”，尽管不是“坚如磐石”。我把它当做我心爱的城市的等价物。这个领域是非同寻常的，因为关键的结构--毛细胞、神经管、神经、骨骼、韧带、膜、流感病毒、血管等--涉及我们的两个关键感官--平衡和听力--驻留在里面。这个领域是最拥挤和最复杂的领域之一--就像纽约的街道！--我们解剖和固有生理的一部分。就像小小的旧纽约一样，这些部分有自己独特的进化史。几千年来，它们从我们祖先的不同区域迁徙、演变和变化，到现在共同栖息在一个令人难以置信的拥堵和令人惊叹的复杂的解剖学“大熔炉”中。从“外”耳(每天都被可怕的穿孔侮辱；你认为它们进化成挂装饰品了吗？！)；到“中”耳，它的耳骨、连接到鼻咽和呼吸系统的门户；再到“内”耳，这是听力和平衡的温床，也是哺乳动物生物学中最不为人所知的领域之一。事实上，我们三只“耳朵”的奥秘一直困扰着解剖学家、生理学家、遗传学家、进化生物学家和内科医生。从埃及人的时代，到文艺复兴时期的新解剖学家和生物学家，再到今天的主要研究人员，我们的耳朵的生物学和疾病一直吸引着科学和医学的最好的头脑(参见Laitman，2006；Vande Water，2012a。)这期解剖记录特刊《听觉和平衡的解剖学和生物学：耳垢和前庭植入物》，最恰当的给出了上面的内容，由Thomas Van de water编辑的Guest，他是一个真正的纽约人(Van de Water，2012b)。事实上，他的血统来自新阿姆斯特丹(即1665年英国人接管并重新命名为纽约之前的我的城市)的起义前的荷兰居民。如果你看一下纽约的旧地图，你会发现在曼哈顿的上端，有一个叫“凡·德沃斯农场”的地方。令人印象深刻的是，你的祖传农场被标在了纽约的老地图上。我不得不花钱把我现在的地址列在我们县的电话簿上！除了他令人印象深刻的血统(顺便说一句，他自豪地向我们炫耀他更近于20世纪的血统)，范·德·沃特是一位在耳蜗界和前庭世界的细胞、体液和神经生物学方面的非凡科学家。他也是一位科学历史学家，这使他能够看到破译这类解剖学、生理学和应用于哺乳动物生物学最核心但鲜为人知的领域之一的迷人尝试。范德沃特也是这一领域的一位非凡的老师和导师，包括我自己，他赋予了我们追求科学和科学进步的勇气。所有这些加在一起，你就是一个引人注目的纽约人，拥有与生俱来的厚颜无耻和庄严的态度，这让他能够招募最好的(也是最忙碌的)。这本特刊的独特之处在于，它是解剖学记录中第一个真正的“翻译”问题。它的关注点不仅是基础生物学方面的新进展--这是我们的商标--而且现在纳入了科学的“尖端”或即将成为尖端的应用。尽管我们过去的一些特刊(例如，Fry-land，2006关于听觉系统；Marquez，2008关于鼻窦)包括了一些重要的翻译研究，但这是第一期以翻译、解剖学为中心的完整的科学。本文结合了对当前研究的杰出评论和介绍，融合了对历史的欣赏，
JEFFREY T. LAITMAN*Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Box 1007, Mount Sinai School ofMedicine, New York, 10029If New York City was a part our body, what do youthink the city would be (careful here, I’m a native NewYorker and I have friends who know people...)? Whilesome may say the cerebral cortex (for obvious reasons)or the heart (ditto) or larynx (as some of us are knownto talk a lot), I would vote for the temporal bone. Forthose of you whose world does not go much beyond themolecular level (poor souls!), let me give a little back-ground. The temporal bone in humans lies at the sideand bottom of our skull. Its name ‘‘temporal’’ arises fromthe Latin, temporalis meaning ‘‘of time.’’ A thought isthat the bone received its name as its flat, or squamosalportion, on the side of the head is where the passage oftime is first seen (i.e., where we begin to grey).While the side of our head may be fascinating to bar-bers and their ilk, the really alluring part of this bonelies largely on the bottom of the skull and is called the‘‘petrous’’ (from the Greek, petra meaning ‘‘rock’’) part ofthe temporal bone or petrous bone. It is, indeed, ‘‘rock-hard,’’ although not ‘‘rock-solid.’’ What lies within is whyI see it as the equivalent of my beloved city. The realmis extraordinary because the crucial structures—haircells, canals, nerves, bones, ligaments, membranes, flu-ids, vasculature, etc.—involved in two of our key senses,balance and hearing, reside within. The realm is one ofthe most congested and complex—like the streets of NewYork!—part of our anatomy and inherent physiology.And like little old New York, these parts have their owndistinct evolutionary histories. They have migrated,morphed, and changed over the millennia, arising fromdiffering areas in our ancestors to now co-habitat anincredibly congested and marvelously complex anatomi-cal ‘‘melting pot.’’ From the ‘‘Outer’’ Ear (insulted dailywith horrific piercings; do you think they evolved tohang ornaments from?!); to the ‘‘Middle’’ Ear with itsossicles and communications to the nasopharynx andportals to the respiratory system; to the ‘‘Inner’’ Ear, thesanctum of hearing and balance and one of the lastlargely unknown realms of mammalian biology. Indeed,the mysteries of our three ‘‘ears’’ continue to confoundand yet fascinate anatomists, physiologists, geneticists,evolutionary biologists, and physicians. From the days ofthe Egyptians, to the nascent anatomists and biologistsof the Renaissance, to today’s leading investigators, thebiology and diseases of our ears have riveted the bestminds of science and medicine (see Laitman, 2006; VanDe Water, 2012a.)This Special Issue of The Anatomical Record, ‘‘TheAnatomy and Biology of Hearing and Balance: Cochlearand Vestibular Implants,’’ is, most appropriately giventhe above, Guest Edited by Thomas Van De Water, whois as bone fide a New Yorker as it gets (Van De Water,2012b). Indeed, his lineage hails from the pre-Revolu-tionary War Dutch inhabitants of New Amsterdam (i.e.,my city before the English took it over and re-named itNew York in 1665). If one looks on the old maps of NewYork, you can find in the upper tip of Manhattan, ‘‘Van-dewaters farm.’’ Pretty impressive, to have yourancestral farm noted on a map of ‘‘Olde’’ New York. Ihad to pay to have my current address listed in ourcounty phonebook!Beyond his impressive pedigree (which, by the way, heproudly flaunts to us more ‘‘recent’’ 20th century arriv-als), Van De Water is an extraordinary scientist of thecells, fluids, and neurobiology of the cochlear and vestib-ular worlds. He is also an historian of his science, aperch that has enabled him to view the fascinatingattempts to decipher the anatomy, physiology and appli-cations of such to one of the most central, yet poorlyunderstood, realms of mammalian biology. Van De Waterhas also been an extraordinary teacher and mentor toscores in this field, myself included, by empowering ourability to pursue our science and our scientific advance-ments. Put these all together and you have aremarkable New Yorker with the inherent chutzpa andearned gravitas that empower him to enlist the best(and busiest!) minds in the cutting edge aspects of hear-ing and balance science to contribute to thisextraordinary issue.This Special Issue is unique in that it is The Anatomi-cal Record’s first truly ‘‘translational’’ issue. Its focus isnot only upon new advances in basic biology—as is ourtrademark—but now incorporates the ‘‘cutting edge,’’ orsoon to be cutting-edge, applications of the science.While some of our special issues in the past (e.g., Fried-land, 2006 on the auditory system; Marquez, 2008 onparanasal sinuses) have included some important trans-lational studies, this is the first full issue centering ontranslational, anatomically based, science. The combina-tion herein of outstanding reviews and presentations ofcurrent research meld an appreciation of the history,