THE CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF DOMINANCE IN ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
THE CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF DOMINANCE IN ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
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DOI：
10.1163/156853993x00290
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发表时间：
1993-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
DREWS, C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DREWS, C
支配地位的概念极大地促进了我们对动物社会结构的理解。然而，在过去三十年中，出现了各种支配地位的概念和定义，导致了对这一概念的效用和含义的持续辩论。针对支配地位的一种定义的批评不一定适用于其他定义。现有的定义可以是结构性的，也可以是功能性的，涉及角色或争斗行为，将支配地位视为个人的一种财产或作为二元遭遇的一种属性，集中于攻击性或缺乏攻击性，并以理论结构或可观察到的行为为基础。对13种支配地位的定义进行了审查，并就其描述价值评估了其效用。定义的预测和解释价值是针对每项特定研究中提出的问题的，不被视为判断支配地位概念是否有用的标准。由于其高度的描述价值，Schjelderupp-EBBE对支配地位的最初定义（1922，Z. Psychol.88：226-252）作为基础出现，以制定具有广泛适用性的结构定义，并反映了概念的本质：优势是两个个体之间重复的、竞争性的互动模式的一个属性，其特征在于有利于同一个二元体成员的一致结果和对手的默认响应而不是升级。持续的赢家的地位是主导的，而输家的地位是从属的。支配地位指的是二人组，而支配地位的高低指的是在等级制度中的地位，因此取决于群体的组成。支配地位是一个相对的尺度，而不是个人的绝对财产。讨论包括参考优势的遗传性，应用优势群体，而不是个人，以及个体识别和记忆中的作用，在竞争的遭遇。
The concept of dominance has contributed greatly to our understanding of social structure in animals. Over the past three decades, however, a variety of concepts and definitions of dominance have been introduced, leading to an ongoing debate about the usefulness and meaning of the concept. Criticisms aimed at one definition of dominance do not necessarilly apply to other definitions. Existing definitions can be structural or functional, refer to roles or to agonistic behaviour, regard dominance as a property of individuals or as an attribute of dyadic encounters, concentrate on aggression or on the lack of it, and be based either on theoretical constructs or on observable behaviour. Thirteen definitions of dominance are reviewed, and their usefulness assessed with respect to their descriptive value. The predictive and explanatory values of definitions are specific to the questions asked in each particular study and are not considered as criteria to judge the usefulness of the dominance concept. By virtue of its high descriptive value, the original definition of dominance by SCHJELDERUPP-EBBE (1922, Z.Psychol. 88: 226-252) emerged as the basis to formulate a structural definition with wide applicability and which;reflects the essence of the concept: Dominance is an attribute of the pattern of repeated, agonistic interactions between two individuals, characterized by a consistent outcome in favour of the same dyad member and a default yielding response of its opponent rather than escalation. The status of the consistent winner is dominant and that of the loser subordinate. Dominance status refers to dyads while dominance rank, high or low, refers to the position in a hierarchy and, thus, depends on group composition. Dominance is a relative measure and not an absolute property of individuals. The discussion includes reference to the heritability of dominance, application of dominance to groups rather than individuals, and the role of individual recognition and memory during agonistic encounters.