Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping
Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping
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DOI：
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.059
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发表时间：
2010-12-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Stevenson, David S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Eyring, Veronika;Isaksen, Ivar S. A.;Stevenson, David S.
远洋船舶的废气和颗粒物排放在交通运输部门的总排放量中所占的比重越来越大，而且还在不断增加。我们评估了远洋运输的气体和颗粒物排放对人为排放和空气质量的影响。我们还评估了这些排放造成的人类健康恶化和气候变化。监管船舶排放需要全面了解当前的燃料消耗和排放，了解其对大气成分和气候的影响，以及对未来潜在演变和缓解方案的预测。近70%的船舶排放发生在距海岸线400公里范围内，通过在交通繁忙的沿海地区和港口形成地面臭氧、硫排放和颗粒物，造成空气质量问题。此外，船舶排放的臭氧和气溶胶前体及其衍生物质可能会在大气中传播数百公里，从而导致内陆地区的空气质量问题，即使它们是在海上排放的。此外，船舶排放也会影响气候。最近的研究表明，云层变化造成的降温远远超过二氧化碳（CO2）或航运臭氧等温室气体造成的变暖效应，总体上造成了当今的负辐射强迫（RF）。当前减少航运中的硫和其他污染物的努力可能会改变这一点。然而，由于硫酸盐的停留时间比二氧化碳短，硫酸盐的气候响应约为数十年，而二氧化碳的气候响应为数百年。正负辐射强迫之间的气候权衡仍然是科学研究的一个话题，但从目前已知的情况来看，简单地取消全球平均强迫分量可能是不合适的，需要更全面的评估指标。使用全球温度变化潜力 (GTP) 指标得出的二氧化碳当量排放量表明，50 年后，通过取消二氧化碳带来的变暖以及硫酸盐和氮氧化物带来的降温，当前排放量的净全球平均效应接近于零。 (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
Emissions of exhaust gases and particles from oceangoing ships are a significant and growing contributor to the total emissions from the transportation sector. We present an assessment of the contribution of gaseous and particulate emissions from oceangoing shipping to anthropogenic emissions and air quality. We also assess the degradation in human health and climate change created by these emissions. Regulating ship emissions requires comprehensive knowledge of current fuel consumption and emissions, understanding of their impact on atmospheric composition and climate, and projections of potential future evolutions and mitigation options. Nearly 70% of ship emissions occur within 400 km of coastlines, causing air quality problems through the formation of ground-level ozone, sulphur emissions and particulate matter in coastal areas and harbours with heavy traffic. Furthermore, ozone and aerosol precursor emissions as well as their derivative species from ships may be transported in the atmosphere over several hundreds of kilometres, and thus contribute to air quality problems further inland, even though they are emitted at sea. In addition, ship emissions impact climate. Recent studies indicate that the cooling due to altered clouds far outweighs the warming effects from greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) or ozone from shipping, overall causing a negative present-day radiative forcing (RF). Current efforts to reduce sulphur and other pollutants from shipping may modify this. However, given the short residence time of sulphate compared to CO2, the climate response from sulphate is of the order decades while that of CO2 is centuries. The climatic trade-off between positive and negative radiative forcing is still a topic of scientific research, but from what is currently known, a simple cancellation of global mean forcing components is potentially inappropriate and a more comprehensive assessment metric is required. The CO2 equivalent emissions using the global temperature change potential (GTP) metric indicate that after 50 years the net global mean effect of current emissions is close to zero through cancellation of warming by CO2 and cooling by sulphate and nitrogen oxides. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.