FLIGHT TRACKS AND SPEEDS OF ANTARCTIC AND ATLANTIC SEABIRDS - RADAR AND OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS
FLIGHT TRACKS AND SPEEDS OF ANTARCTIC AND ATLANTIC SEABIRDS - RADAR AND OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.1993.0048
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发表时间：
1993-04-29
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
LARSSON, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
ALERSTAM, T;GUDMUNDSSON, GA;LARSSON, B
安装在船上的跟踪雷达和光学测距仪用于记录南极半岛附近海域和大西洋中 11 种海鸟的飞行情况。在平静条件下，信天翁会在与整个运动方向横向 300-500 m 的宽度范围内大幅上升、转弯和扭转。他们的最终行进速度平均为 10 m s-1。在有风的条件下，信天翁和巨型海燕通过波浪翱翔和动态翱翔的结合，行进速度更快，最终速度高达 22.5 m s-1。海鸥和南极鹱通过襟翼滑翔，沿着与最终运动路线仅在 50-60 m 范围内略微弯曲的轨迹前进。小型海鸥比体型较大的海鸥和管鼻鹱飞得更快，空速约为 14 m s-1，与体型较大的海鸥相比，其连续扑动飞行的程度更高。在觅食飞行中追踪南极贼鸥和威尔逊风暴海燕，在觅食区和繁殖栖息地之间的往返飞行中追踪成群的帝国鸬鹚。南极贼鸥在追逐鸬鹚的飞行中能够加速到超过 20 m s-1 的空速。与非觅食飞行相比，威尔逊风暴海燕在觅食飞行中表现出明显较慢的空速。大多数物种的平均空速落在根据空气动力学理论估计的最小功率和最大航程速度之间。使用滑翔或襟翼滑翔飞行的物种表现出接近最佳滑翔比的滑翔速度的平均空速。正如对南极贼鸥和威尔逊风暴海燕所预期的那样，觅食飞行的最佳速度不太可能与最小功率和最大航程速度一致。信天翁在强风力下以与风成 120 度至 150 度的角度（部分顺风）移动时达到最快的飞行速度。它们主要随从左侧的风行进，在南半球，这将引导它们远离低压中心并流向高压区域。
A tracking radar and an optical range-finder, placed on a ship, were used to register the flight of eleven species of seabirds, in waters off the Antarctic Peninsula and in the Atlantic Ocean.Albatrosses under calm conditions used swell soaring, turning and twisting extensively within a width of 300-500 m laterally from the overall direction of movement. Their resulting travel speed was on average 10 m s-1. In windy conditions the albatrosses as well as giant petrels travelled faster, with resulting speeds up to 22.5 m s-1, by a combination of wave soaring and dynamic soaring.Shearwaters and the antarctic fulmar proceeded by flap-gliding, along tracks that were only slightly zigzag within 50-60 m from the resulting course of movement. The little shearwater flew faster, with an airspeed about 14 m s-1, than larger-sized shearwaters and fulmars, using continuous flapping flight to a higher degree than its larger relatives.South polar skuas and Wilson's storm-petrels were tracked on foraging flights, and flocks of imperial shags on commuting flights between feeding and breeding-roosting areas. The south polar skua was able to accelerate to airspeeds exceeding 20 m s-1 in pursuit flights after shags. Wilson's storm-petrels showed significantly slower airspeeds in foraging flights as compared to non-foraging flights.Average airspeeds of most species fell between the minimum power and maximum range speeds estimated from aerodynamical theory. Species using gliding or flap-gliding flight showed a mean airspeed close to the gliding speed for best glide ratio. Optimal speeds in foraging flights, as expected for the south polar skuas and Wilson's storm-petrels, are unlikely to coincide with the minimum power and maximum range speeds.Albatrosses reached the fastest resulting travel speeds when moving at angles 120-degrees-150-degrees from the wind (partly following winds), with strong wind forces. They predominantly travelled with the wind from their left side which, in the southern hemisphere, would lead them away from low pressure centres and towards high pressure areas.