An unusual genotype of Toxoplasma gondii is common in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and is a cause of mortality
An unusual genotype of Toxoplasma gondii is common in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and is a cause of mortality
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.12.008
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发表时间：
2004-03-09
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Conrad, PA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Miller, MA;Grigg, ME;Conrad, PA
刚地弓形虫相关性脑膜脑炎是加州海獭（Enhydra lutris nereis）的一种重要疾病，占新鲜海滩尸体总死亡率的16%。从1998年至2002年尸检的35只加州水獭中分离出弓形虫。基于多位点PCR-限制性片段长度多态性和DNA测序的保守基因（18 S rDNA，ITS-1）和多态性基因（B1，SAG 1，SAG 3和GRA 6），两个不同的基因型被确定为：II型和一个新的基因型，这里称为X型，具有不同的等位基因在三个的四个多态位点测序。海獭T.弓形虫感染为X基因型，其余40%为II基因型。未发现I型或III型基因型。用流行病学方法研究了分离的T.弓形虫基因型和空间和人口统计学风险因素，如水獭搁浅位置和性别，以及与致病性相关的特定结果，如组织病理学和T.与刚地虫相关的死亡率在T.弓形虫基因型和海獭性别以及沿着加州海岸搁浅的位置。本地化的空间聚类检测II型（集中在蒙特雷湾）和X（集中在附近的莫罗湾）感染的水獭。莫罗湾的X型感染的水獭群与先前报道的海獭感染和死亡的高风险地区重叠。刚地。12只水獭中有9只携带T.感染x型寄生虫的人中，与刚地氏病相关的脑膜脑炎是主要死亡原因。(C)2004年澳大利亚寄生虫学会由爱思唯尔有限公司出版。保留所有权利。
Toxoplasma gondii-associated meningoencephalitis is a significant disease of California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis), responsible for 16% of total mortality in fresh, beachcast carcasses. Toxoplasma gondii isolates were obtained from 35 California otters necropsied between 1998 and 2002. Based on multi-locus PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing at conserved genes (18S rDNA, ITS-1) and polymorphic genes (B1, SAG1, SAG3 and GRA6), two distinct genotypes were identified: type II and a novel genotype, here called type x, that possessed distinct alleles at three of the four polymorphic loci sequenced. The majority (60%) of sea otter T. gondii infections were of genotype x, with the remaining 40% being of genotype II. No type I or III genotypes were identified. Epidemiological methods were used to examine the relationship between isolated T. gondii genotype(s) and spatial and demographic risk factors, such as otter stranding location and sex, as well as specific outcomes related to pathogenicity, such as severity of brain inflammation on histopathology and T. gondii-associated mortality. Differences were identified with respect to T. gondii genotype and sea otter sex and stranding location along the California coast. Localised spatial clustering was detected for both type II (centred within Monterey Bay) and x (centred near Morro Bay)infected otters. The Morro Bay cluster of type x-infected otters overlaps previously reported high-risk areas for sea otter infection and mortality due to T. gondii. Nine of the 12 otters that had T. gondii-associated meningoencephalitis as a primary cause of death were infected with type x parasites. (C) 2004 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.