Artificial surfaces simulating complex terrain types for evaluating grid-based flow direction algorithms

Artificial surfaces simulating complex terrain types for evaluating grid-based flow direction algorithms
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模拟复杂地形类型的人造表面,用于评估基于网格的流向算法

DOI:
10.1080/13658816.2012.737920
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发表时间:
2013-06
影响因子:
5.7
通讯作者:
覃彪
覃彪
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
秦承志;包黎莉;朱阿兴;呼雪梅;覃彪

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本文提出了一组模拟复杂地形类型的人造表面,用于评估基于网格的流向算法的性能。所提出的人造表面是基于正弦和余弦函数开发的,因此可以模拟四种复杂的地形类型:凸中心斜坡、凹中心斜坡、鞍中心斜坡和直脊斜坡;这些特征在现实景观中是典型且普遍存在的。我们分析解决了所提出的人造表面的特定集水面积(SCA)的理论值。与现有的用于评估流向算法的人造表面相比,所提出的人造表面可以更好地表示现实世界中的常见地形类型。为了分析所提出的人造表面的可行性,通过以一系列分辨率(即 1、5、10 和 20 m)对具有不同浮雕的所提出的人造表面进行采样,创建了两组人造数字高程模型(DEM)。四种代表性的流向算法应用于这些人工 DEM:D8、D-inf、FD8 和 MFD-md。根据流向算法计算的 SCA 的均方根误差、平均误差和标准偏差表明,MFD-md 在模拟地形条件下通常比 D8、D-inf 和 FD8 产生更低的误差。使用所提出的人工 DEM 测试的流向算法的误差累积频率分布可以有效地反映每种算法的固有特征。 MFD-md 在低地势地形中的表现与 FD8 更相似,在高地势地形中的表现与 D-inf 更相似。每个测试算法的错误图可用于对错误发生的空间明确评估。在大部分区域,当 FD8 高估 SCA 时,D-inf 算法低估了 SCA。
This article presents a set of artificial surfaces simulating complex terrain types for evaluating the performances of grid-based flow direction algorithms. The proposed artificial surfaces were developed based on sine and cosine functions and thus can simulate four complex terrain types: a convex-centred slope, concave-centred slope, saddle-centred slope and straight-ridge slope; such features are typical and widespread in real landscapes. We analytically solved the theoretical values of specific catchment area (SCA) for the proposed artificial surfaces. Compared with existing artificial surfaces for evaluating flow direction algorithms, the proposed artificial surfaces provide a better representation of common terrain types in the real world. To analyse the feasibility of the proposed artificial surfaces, two sets of artificial digital elevation models (DEMs) were created by sampling the proposed artificial surfaces with different reliefs at a series of resolutions (i.e. 1, 5, 10 and 20 m). Four representative flow direction algorithms were applied to these artificial DEMs: D8, D-inf, FD8 and MFD-md. The root mean square error, mean error and standard deviation in the computed SCA from flow direction algorithm show that MFD-md generally yielded lower error under simulated terrain conditions than D8, D-inf and FD8. The cumulative frequency distributions of errors from the tested flow direction algorithms with the proposed artificial DEMs can effectively reflect the inherent characteristics of each algorithm. MFD-md performed more similarly to FD8 in low-relief terrains and more similarly to D-inf in high-relief terrains. The map of errors from each tested algorithm is available for a spatially explicit evaluation of the occurrence of errors. Over most of the area, the D-inf algorithm underestimated the SCA when FD8 overestimated the SCA.
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