“Just a hunch”: Accuracy and awareness in person perception
“Just a hunch”: Accuracy and awareness in person perception
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“只是一种预感”：人的感知的准确性和意识
DOI：
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发表时间：
1991
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Mark A. Costanzo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Heather J. Smith;D. Archer;Mark A. Costanzo
涉及非语言交流的人感知任务有一个令人费解的名声。人们经常争辩说，非语言暗示是准确的，但只是无意识地被感知。这也许可以解释为什么法官在被要求解读一段非语言行为的样本时，回答说这只是一种预感--也就是说，他们很少或根本没有意识到他们是如何做出判决的，即使是正确的判决。提出了两种可供选择的模型，即“无意识”假说和“语无伦次”假说，以描述准确性和意识之间的可能关系。报告了两项关于准确性和意识之间的关系的研究，这两项研究都使用了人际知觉任务(IPT)。在第一项研究中，对476名大学生进行了IPT测试。准确性的衡量标准是这些评委正确回答了30个IPT问题中的多少个。通过让每个评委猜测他们回答正确的30个场景中的多少个，全球知名度被编入指数。在这个粗略的分析中，准确度-意识关系是正的，但很弱。第二个实验是为了产生更多关于准确性-意识关系的细粒度测试。向134名大学生展示了不同版本的IPT。给出每个版本的IPT的法官被要求表明他们对每个答案的信心程度。第二个实验发现精确度和知晓度之间存在积极的实质性关系，当从整个实验条件进行分析时，这种关系尤其强烈。这些发现支持了“语无伦次”假说，并对“无意识”假说提出了质疑。讨论了对非语言交流是如何处理的新的理解的含义。
Person perception tasks involving nonverbal communication have a mystified reputation. It is frequently argued that nonverbal cues are accurately, but only unconsciously, perceived. This may explain the frequent response of judges who, when asked to decode a sample of nonverbal behavior, reply that it was “just a hunch”—i.e., show little or no awareness of how they arrived at a judgment, even a correct one. Two alternative models, the “Unconsciousness” hypothesis and the “Inarticulation” hypothesis are posited to describe the possible relationship between accuracy and awareness. Two studies are reported on the relationship between accuracy and awareness, both using the Interpersonal Perception Task (IPT). In the first study, the IPT was given to a sample of 476 undergraduates. Accuracy was measured by how many of the 30 IPT questions these judges answered correctly. Global awareness was indexed by having each judge guess how many of the 30 scenes they had answered correctly. In this coarse analysis, the accuracy-awareness relationship was positive but weak. A second experiment was conducted to produce more fine-grained tests of the accuracy-awareness relationship. Different versions of the IPT were presented to 134 undergraduates. Judges given each version of the IPT were asked to indicate their degree of confidence in each one of their answers. This second experiment found a positive, substantial relationship between accuracy and awareness, and this relationship was particularly strong when analyzed across experimental conditions as a whole. These findings support the “Inarticulation” hypothesis, and cast doubt on the “Unconsciousness” hypothesis. Implications for an emerging understanding of how nonverbal communication is processed are discussed.