Special collection: Pesticide Exposure in Non-Honey Bees Pesticide Exposure Assessment Paradigm for Solitary Bees
Special collection: Pesticide Exposure in Non-Honey Bees Pesticide Exposure Assessment Paradigm for Solitary Bees
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发表时间：
2019
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通讯作者：
Sgolastra;Hinarejos;Pitts-Singer;Boyle;Joseph;ckmann;Raine;Singh;N. Williams;Bosch
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作者：
Sgolastra;Hinarejos;Pitts-Singer;Boyle;Joseph;ckmann;Raine;Singh;N. Williams;Bosch
目前对蜜蜂的农药风险评估依赖于单一的（社会）物种，西方蜜蜂，意大利蜜蜂。（Hyactera：Apidae）.然而，全世界超过20，000种蜜蜂中的大多数都是独居的。独居蜜蜂（SB）和蜜蜂（HB）之间的生活史特征的差异可能决定农药暴露途径和水平的差异。本综述的目的是：1）比较SB和HB的生活史特征相关的风险评估; 2）总结目前的知识水平的农药暴露SB和HB; 3）确定知识差距和研究需求; 4）评估目前HB风险评估计划是否涵盖的途径和水平的SB的风险评估;和5）确定潜在的SB模式物种的风险评估。目前的乙肝风险评估计划似乎涵盖了大多数SB暴露途径。除此之外，这是与SB使用的筑巢基质和筑巢材料有关的暴露途径。由于大多数SB物种在地下筑巢，因此通过土壤暴露特别令人关注。6种（膜翅目：切叶蜂科Osmia bicornis L.，O. cornifrons Radoszkowski，角额O. cornuta Latreille，O. lignaria Say、圆切叶蜂Megachile rotundata F.、和Halictidae Nomia melanderi Cockerell）是市售的，可用于风险评估。其中，只有N。黑腹蛛在地下筑巢，其余的都在洞穴中筑巢。然而，这三种壁蜂会收集土壤来筑巢。生活史特征的洞穴筑巢物种，使他们特别适合半田，并在较小程度上，现场测试。未来的研究应解决基础生物学，饲养方法和地面筑巢SB物种的曝光水平。
Current pesticide risk assessment for bees relies on a single (social) species, the western honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). However, most of the >20,000 bee species worldwide are solitary. Differences in life history traits between solitary bees (SB) and honey bees (HB) are likely to determine differences in routes and levels of pesticide exposure. The objectives of this review are to: 1) compare SB and HB life history traits relevant for risk assessment; 2) summarize current knowledge about levels of pesticide exposure for SB and HB; 3) identify knowledge gaps and research needs; 4) evaluate whether current HB risk assessment schemes cover routes and levels of exposure of SB; and 5) identify potential SB model species for risk assessment. Most SB exposure routes seem well covered by current HB risk assessment schemes. Exceptions to this are exposure routes related to nesting substrates and nesting materials used by SB. Exposure via soil is of particular concern because most SB species nest underground. Six SB species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae Osmia bicornis L., O. cornifrons Radoszkowski, O. cornuta Latreille, O. lignaria Say, Megachile rotundata F., and Halictidae Nomia melanderi Cockerell) are commercially available and could be used in risk assessment. Of these, only N. melanderi nests underground, and the rest are cavity-nesters. However, the three Osmia species collect soil to build their nests. Life history traits of cavity-nesting species make them particularly suitable for semifield and, to a lesser extent, field tests. Future studies should address basic biology, rearing methods and levels of exposure of ground-nesting SB species.