Hunting for headings: sighted labeling vs. automatic classification of headings
Hunting for headings: sighted labeling vs. automatic classification of headings
复制标题
寻找标题：目视标记与标题自动分类
DOI：
10.1145/1414471.1414508
复制
发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Ladner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jeremy T. Brudvik;Jeffrey P. Bigham;Anna Cavender;R. Ladner
正确使用网页中的标题可以通过指示页面中的语义划分来提高盲人Web用户的导航效率。遗憾的是，许多网页没有使用适当的HTML标记(h1-h6标记)来指示标题，而是使用视觉样式来创建标题，从而使盲人用户无法区分标题和其他页面文本。在一项让有视力的参与者在一组网页上标记标题的用户研究中，参与者通常不会就页面上的哪些元素应该被标记为标题达成一致，这表明了为什么标题在今天的网络上没有得到正确的使用。为了解决这个问题，我们创建了一个名为HeadingHunter的系统，它通过检查呈现在Web浏览器中的文本的视觉特征来预测网页文本是否在语义上用作标题。它在标注标题方面的性能与我们研究中人工分类的标题示例集和目视标签者的组合结果都是有利的。由此产生的系统说明了创建在可直接包括在现有工具中的可视特征上操作的简单脚本的一般方法。
Proper use of headings in web pages can make navigation more efficient for blind web users by indicating semantic divisions in the page. Unfortunately, many web pages do not use proper HTML markup (h1-h6 tags) to indicate headings, instead using visual styling to create headings, thus making the distinction between headings and other page text indistinguishable to blind users. In a user study in which sighted participants labeled headings on a set of web pages, participants did not often agree on which elements on the page should be labeled as headings, suggesting why headings are not used properly on the web today. To address this problem, we have created a system called HeadingHunter that predicts whether web page text semantically functions as a heading by examining visual features of the text as rendered in a web browser. Its performance in labeling headings compares favorably with both a manually-classified set of heading examples and the combined results of the sighted labelers in our study. The resulting system illustrates a general methodology of creating simple scripts operating over visual features that can be directly included in existing tools.